Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Subst Use Addict Treat. 2024 Jan 30;160:209308. doi: 10.1016/j.josat.2024.209308

Table 3.

Correlates of positive RNA among people who inject drugs, n=150

Overall HCV RNA + HCV RNA- Unadj.OR(95%CI) p value Adj.OR(95%CI) p value
N (%) 150(100.0) 79(52.7) 71(47.3)
Gender
Female 17 (11.3) 5 (6.3) 12 (16.9) ref ref
Male 133 (88.7) 74 (93.7) 59 (83.1) 3.01 (1.004–9.02) 0.049 0.73 (0.18–2.92) 0.657
Age (mean, sd) 43.1 (10.5) 45.8 (9.9) 40.1 (10.4) 0.001
23–35 37 (24.7) 13(16.5) 24 (33.8) ref ref ref ref
36–45 59 (39.3) 27(34.2) 32 (45.1) 1.59 (0.67–3.63) 0.305 0.65(0.20–2.13) 0.480
45–68 54 (36.0) 39 (49.4) 15 (21.1) 1.69 (1.25–2.28) 0.001 1.29(0.82–2.01) 0.272
Race
White 19 (12.7) 5 (6.3) 14 (19.7) ref ref ref ref
Black 11 (7.3) 9 (11.4) 2 (2.8) 12.60 (2.00–79.44) 0.007 16.12 (1.69–153.73) 0.016
American Indian 12 (8.0) 5 (6.3) 7 (9.9) 2.00 (0.43–9.29) 0.376 1.11 (0.19–6.55) 0.906
Mixed race 108 (72.0) 60 (75.9) 48 (67.6) 3.50 (1.18–7-10.40) 0.024 2.25 (0.63–8.00) 0.211
Unhoused, lifetime
No 38 (25.3) 25 (31.6) 13 (18.3) ref ref
Yes 112 (74.7) 54 (68.4) 58 (81.7) 0.48(0.23–1.04) 0.063
Incarceration
None 22 (14.7) 4 (5.1) 18 (25.4) ref ref ref ref
1 to 2 61 (40.7) 30 (38.0) 31 (43.7) 4.35 (1.32–14.37) 0.016 8.40 (1.82–38.69) 0.006
3 or more 67 (44.7) 45 (57.0) 22 (31.0) 9.20 (2.78–30.48) <.001 15.13 (3.20–71.64) <.001
Common Substance Use, lifetime
Crack
 No 41 (27.3) 22 (27.8) 19 (26.8) ref ref
 Yes 109 (72.7) 57 (72.2) 52 (73.2) 0.95 (0.46–1.94) 0.947
Synthetic
Cannabinoids(i.e, K2)
 No 82 (54.7) 46 (58.2) 36 (50.7) ref ref
 Yes 68 (45.3) 33 (41.8) 35 (49.3) 0.74(0.39–1.41) 0.356
Speedball
 No 18 (12.0) 9 (11.4) 9 (12.7) ref ref
 Yes 132 (88.0) 70 (88.6) 62 (87.3%) 1.13(0.42–3.02) 0.809
Heroin
 No 30 (20.0) 17 (21.5) 13 (18.3) ref ref
 Yes 120 (80.0) 62 (78.5) 58 (81.7) 0.82(0.37–1.83) 0.624
Fentanyl
 No 34 (22.7) 20 (25.3) 14 (19.7) ref ref
 Yes 116 (77.3) 59 (74.7) 57 (80.3) 0.72(0.33–1.57) 0.415
Xylazine
 No 79 (52.7) 40 (50.6) 39 (54.9) ref ref
 Yes 71 (47.3) 39 (49.4) 32 (45.1) 1.19(0.62–2.26) 0.599
Years of injection(mean, sd) 17.8 (12.4) 22.4 (12.0) 12.7 (10.7) <.001
<=10 years 56 (37.3) 17 (21.5) 39 (54.9) ref ref ref ref
11–20 years 29 (19.3) 15 (19.0) 14 (19.7) 2.46 (0.98–6.20) 0.057 2.31(0.72–7.38) 0.158
21+ years 65 (43.3) 47 (59.5) 18 (25.4%) 5.99(2.73–13.16) <.001 4.29 (1.31–14.06) 0.016
Receptive syringe sharing, last 12months
No 105 (70.0) 51 (64.6) 54 (76.1) ref ref
Yes 45 (30.0) 28 (35.4) 17 (23.9) 1.74 (0.85–3.56) 0.127
Injected other PWID
 0 74 (50.) 35 (44.9) 39 (55.7) ref ref ref ref
 1–10 43 (29.1) 19 (24.4) 24 (34.3) 0.88 (0.41–1.87) 0.738 0.78 (0.31–1.98) 0.599
 11 or more 31 (20.9) 24 (30.8) 7 (10.0) 3.81 (1.47–9.90) 0.006 5.47(1.70–17.60) 0.004