Table 3.
Meta-analytic results
| Number of Studies | Number of ES | Effect Size Estimate | p informs whether … | Q | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | 95% CI | SE | t | p | ||||||
| Overall Estimate | 50 | 112 | g = −0.55 | [−0.73, −0.38] | 0.09 | −6.18 | < .0001 | … g is different from 0 | 617.88*** | |
| Categorical Moderators | ||||||||||
| Risk of bias | High (intercept) | 20 | 45 | g = −0.60 | [−0.88, −0.32] | 0.14 | −4.18 | <.0001 | … g is different from 0 | 610.39*** |
| Medium (vs. high) | 15 | 37 | g = −0.54 | [−0.98, −0.11] | 0.22 | 0.27 | .787 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | ||
| Low (vs. high) | 15 | 30 | g = −0.51 | [−0.95, −0.07] | 0.22 | 0.41 | .684 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | ||
| Type of control group | Matched on IQ (intercept) | 36 | 84 | g = −0.53 | [−0.73, −0.33] | 0.10 | −5.20 | < .0001 | … g is different from 0 | 616.11*** |
| Not matched on IQ (vs. matched on IQ) | 14 | 28 | g = −0.64 | [−1.02, −0.26] | 0.19 | −0.60 | .551 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | ||
| Type of category | Isolated (intercept) | 40 | 95 | g = −0.50 | [−0.69, −0.30] | 0.10 | −5.09 | <.0001 | … g is different from 0 | 593.56*** |
| Interrelated (vs. isolated) | 10 | 17 | g = −0.81 | [−1.26, −0.37] | 0.22 | −1.44 | .154 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | ||
| Study language | English (intercept) | 32 | 65 | g = −0.46 | [−0.69, −0.24] | 0.11 | −4.04 | < .0001 | … g is different from 0 | 517.43*** |
| Hebrew (vs. English) | 3 | 7 | g = −1.28 | [−1.98, −0.57] | 0.36 | −2.30 | .023 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | ||
| Japanese (vs. English) | 3 | 10 | g = −0.29 | [−0.94, 0.35] | 0.33 | 0.52 | .607 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | ||
| French (vs. English) | 4 | 21 | g = −0.70 | [−1.26, −0.14] | 0.28 | −0.85 | .398 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | ||
| Type of task | Information-integration (intercept) | 11 | 32 | g = −0.41 | [−0.77, −0.04] | 0.18 | −2.21 | .029 | … g is different from 0 | 611.03*** |
| Prototype distortion (vs. information-integration) | 12 | 17 | g = −0.61 | [−1.14, −0.09] | 0.26 | −0.77 | .441 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | ||
| Rule-based (vs. information-integration) | 17 | 63 | g = −0.60 | [−1.03, −0.17] | 0.22 | −0.89 | .376 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | ||
| Type of dependent measure | Accuracy (intercept) | 36 | 81 | g = −0.49 | [−0.69, −0.29] | 0.10 | −4.83 | <.0001 | … g is different from 0 | 613.89*** |
| Response time (vs. accuracy) | 14 | 31 | g = −0.74 | [−1.09, −0.40] | 0.17 | −1.47 | .144 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | ||
| Continuous Moderators | ||||||||||
| Age of autistic group | 50 | 112 | b = −0.00 | [−0.02, 0.02] | 0.01 | −0.05 | .957 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | 616.66*** | |
| IQ of autistic group | 36 | 81 | b = 0.012 | [−.0.02, 0.04] | 0.01 | 0.87 | .386 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | 470.23*** | |
| Year of publication | 50 | 112 | b = 0.01 | [−0.01, 0.04] | 0.01 | 1.26 | .211 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | 617.86*** | |
| Percentage of male participants in autistic group | 46 | 105 | b = −0.00 | [−0.02, 0.01] | 0.01 | −0.66 | .512 | … effect of moderator is different from 0 | 557.91*** | |
ES = effect sizes