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. 2024 Apr 30;11:18. doi: 10.1186/s40580-024-00423-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Exosome-based therapy for cardiac IRI. A Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by adipose-derived MSCs reduce pyroptosis and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes subjected to anoxia/reoxygenation (AR) by downregulation of pyroptosis related gene TXNIP. (i) Validation of differential EV-associated miRNA expression through qRT-PCR. (ii) Apoptosis detection in AR-exposed cardiomyocytes. The nC-EVs group was compared with the AR group and the Int-EVs group was compared with the nC-EVs group. (iii, iv) Assessment of infarct size (IS) and area at risk (AAR) in mice subjected to myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury [91]. B MSC-derived exosomal microRNA-182-5p alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by targeting Gasdermin D (GSDMD) in mice. (i) Western blot analysis of GSDMD protein in myocardial cells, normalized to GAPDH. N = 10 for mice in each group. (ii) Myocardial infarction (MI) size diagram calculated by the cross-sectional imaging. (iii) The cell viability in myocardial tissues measured by Calcein-AM/PI double staining [93]. C Effects of MSC-derived exosomes with an injectable hydrogel for hindlimb ischemia treatment. (i) Quantification of the apoptosis index of HUVECs administrated with exosome (Exo) and chitosan hydrogel to form hydrogel-incorporated Exo (CS-Exo) under H2O2-induced hypoxic stress. (ii) Representative images of muscle sections stained with H&E at day 14 and Masson’s trichrome at day 28 for apoptotic fibers analysis. Scale bar = 100 μm. (iii) In vivo monitoring of the status of angiogenesis following transplantation of CS-Exo or Exo through tracking Vegfr2-luc expression by bioluminescence imaging in mouse hindlimb ischemic models. Reprinted with permission from [101].

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