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. 2024 Apr 30;15:3610. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47300-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Cumulative percentage of females showing vaginal opening. b Age of vaginal opening in pubertally stressed females compared to control subjects. Two-tailed unpaired t test (t(29) = 0.8109, p = 0.424). n = 12 for the control and n = 19 for the pubertal stress group. c Representative images of the different stages of the estrous cycle. d Total number of days spent in each stage of the estrous cycle in females exposed to pubertal stress versus control, non-stressed subjects. Two-way RM ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s multiple comparison; factor group: F(1,32) = 1.231, p = 0.2755; cycle stage: F(2.304, 73.72) = 55.69, p < 0.0001); group × cycle stage: F(3, 96) = 12.43; p < 0.0001). **p = 0.0041; ***p = 0.0009 for post hoc comparison in proestrus and p = 0.0003 for metestrus. n = 18 for the control, n = 16 for pubertal stress group. e, f Pie charts of the average percentage of time spent in each stage of the estrous cycle in the control and pubertal stress group. g Number of estrous cycles that females went through during the 3-week period of the monitoring of the estrous cycle. Two-tailed Mann–Whitney test: U = 61.50, p = 0.0029. n = 18 for the control, n = 16 for pubertal stress group. h Evolution of lordosis quotient in all trials. Two-way RM ANOVA followed by Bonferroni; factor group: F(1, 32) = 4.950, p = 0.033; session: F(2.539,81.24) = 22.03, p < 0.0001; interaction between the two factors: F(3,96) = 3.152, p = 0.0285). *p = 0.011. n = 18 for the control, n = 16 for pubertal stress group. i Percentage of highly (HR) and minimally (MR) receptive females in the control group. j Percentage of HR versus MR females in the group of female mice exposed to pubertal stress. k Preference score for the control and pubertal stress group. One-sample t test (hypothetical value = 0) (control: t(17) = 3.571, p = 0.0024; Pubertal stress: t(15) = 2.77, p = 0.0143). ns: not significant; unpaired t test (two-tailed) t(32) = 0.2754, p = 0.784. Control (n = 18), pubertal stress (n = 16). l No significant correlation between preference scores and lordosis quotients. Pearson’s correlation r = −0.16, p = 0.3738. All data are presented as mean ± SEM. Corrections were made whenever multiple comparisons test is used. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.