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. 2024 Apr 30;15:3338. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47132-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Schematic representation of the fabrication of a biocomposite TPU filled with bacterial spores (WT wild-type ATCC 6633, HST heat-shock tolerized strain) capable of degrading TPUs. Heat-shock tolerance of spores was enhanced through adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). The biocomposite TPU was fabricated via hot melt extrusion, wherein dormant spores acted as particulate fillers reinforcing the mechanical properties of TPU matrix. During the end-of-life testing, germinated bacterial cells enhanced disintegration of the TPU.