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. 2024 Apr 30;15:3653. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48100-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Murine colonic epithelial organoids (CEOs) were authenticated using (a) bright-field (BF) pictures, HE staining, and (b) immunofluorescence staining. Scale bar, 50 μm. c Changes in mtDNA content, mitochondrial ROS levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m) in CEOs incubated with murine mtDNA-enriched EVs (M⁺ EVs) or mtDNA-depleted EVs (M⁻ EVs). n = 3 independent experiments. d Determination of mtDNA content in CECs isolated from NAT in the murine orthotopic CC model treated with intraperitoneal injections of EVs derived from wild-type MC38 cells (M⁺ EVs) or mtDNA-depleted MC38 ρ0 cells (M⁻ EVs). n = 6 mice per group. e Representative images of mIHC staining for DAPI (blue), Nd1 (magenta), Cytb (green), and Cox1 (yellow) in sections from NAT in the murine orthotopic CC model treated with intraperitoneal injections of M⁺ EVs or M⁻ EVs. Scale bar, 100 μm. f The coexpression of Nd1, Cytb, and Cox1 was evaluated by quantification of the fluorescence intensity in e. n = 6 mice per group. g Representative gross view and statistical results of the (h) tumor number and (i) tumor load in the murine orthotopic CC model treated with intraperitoneal injections of M⁺ EVs or M⁻ EVs. n = 6 mice per group. j Representative images of mIHC staining for DAPI (blue), epithelial marker (E-cadherin, yellow), macrophage marker (F4/80, green), and neutrophil marker (Ly6G, magenta) in sections from tumors in the murine orthotopic CC model treated with M⁺ EVs or M⁻ EVs. k Statistical analysis of the number of F4/80-positive or Ly6G-positive cells per high power field (HPF) was then performed. Scale bar, 50 μm. n = 6 mice per group. Data are means ± SD. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.