Table 1.
Clinical characteristics and metabolic profiling of lean and patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery stratified into T2DM (HbA1C ≥ 48 mmol/mol or clinical diagnosis documented) and non-T2DM (HbA1C < 48 mmol/mol or no clinical diagnosis).
| Lean (n = 9) | Obese (n = 61) | Obese + T2DM (n = 27) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 61.1 ± 13.4 | 47.08 ± 13.71 | 52.96 ± 8.7 | 0.01 |
| Sex (F) | 4 | 55 | 24 | 0.005 |
| Ethnicity | 0.74 | |||
| Asian/British Asian | 1 | 6 | 4 | |
| Black/Black Caribbean | 0 | 5 | 2 | |
| White | 3 | 27 | 16 | |
| Other | 5 | 14 | 6 | |
| Mixed | 0 | 2 | 0 | |
| BMI (m2/kg) | 22.9 ± 3.7 | 45.78 ± 7.6 | 48.15 ± 7.8 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1C (mmol/moll) | 39.7 ± 5.0 | 37.64 ± 4.5 | 60.33 ± 18.1 | <0.0001 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 4.5 ± 1.3 | 4.8 ± 0.99 | 4.57 ± 1.09 | 0.43 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 1.2 ± 0.68 | 1.8 ± 2.4 | 2.07 ± 1.77 | 0.31 |
| Medicines | ||||
| Metformin | 0 (0%) | 2 (3%) | 20 (74%) | <0.0001 |
| Gliclazide | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (11.1%) | 0.016 |
| Empagliflozin | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (14.8%) | 0.012 |
| Sitagliptin | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (7.4%) | 0.14 |
| Liraglutide | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (7.4%) | 0.14 |
| Statin | 0 (0%) | 7 (11.5%) | 10 (37.0%) | 0.007 |
| ACE-i/ARB | 0 (0%) | 15 (24.5%) | 15 (55.5%) | 0.0015 |
| Aspirin | 0 (0%) | 3 (5%) | 2 (7.4%) | 0.78 |
| Co-morbidities | ||||
| Hypertension | 4 (44.4%) | 16 (26.2%) | 19 (70.4%) | 0.046 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 0 (0%) | 6 (9.8%) | 10 (37.0%) | 0.002 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 1 (11.1%) | 1 (1.6%) | 1 (3.7%) | 0.16 |
| MASLD/MASH | 0 (0%) | 3 (4.9%) | 8 (29.6%) | 0.003 |
Statistical analysis calculated using Kruskal–Wallis or Fisher's exact test. T2DM: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus; BMI: body mass index; HbA1C: glycated haemoglobin; ACE-i: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease; MASH: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.