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. 2024 Apr 17;11:1292473. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1292473

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Copyright © 2024 Zhou, Ning, Lu, Zhang, Yang and Hao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The typical features and potential mechanism of LIPUS. (A) Overall, the duty cycle of LIPUS in existing studies is 20%, the frequency ranges from 1 to 3 MHz, and the intensity ranges from 0.02 to 1 W/cm². (B) LIPUS acts on FLSs, macrophages, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts in the synovium, cartilage, and subchondral bone. (C) LIPUS facilitates the mediation of integrin, ion channel, and other cellular processes through mechano-biochemical signal transduction. This regulation subsequently influences downstream signaling pathways, ultimately impacting the pathophysiology of OA in the synovium, cartilage, and subchondral bone. Figures created with BioRender.com.