Table 1.
The effects of LIPUS on synovium.
| PMID | Author (Year) | In vitro study & LIPUS dosage | In vivo study & LIPUS dosage | Main outcomes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 20,571,855 | Nakamura et al. (2010) | HIG-82 cell line. 30 mW/cm2, 3 MHz for 15 min. |
N/A | LIPUS down-regulated COX-2 and PGE2 and upregulated HAS2 and HAS3, promoting the anti-inflammatory system. | (16) |
| 21,938,555 | Nakamura et al. (2011) | HIG-82 cell line. 30 mW/cm2, 3 MHz for 15 min. |
Male MRL/lpr mice, 30 mW/cm2, 1 MHz for 15 min/d for 7, 14, and 21d. | LIPUS suppressed the proliferation and growth of HIG-82 cells and reduced COX-2 and synovial hyperplasia in vivo. | (17) |
| 25,096,496 | Sato et al. (2014) | HIG-82 cell line. 30 mW/cm2, 3 MHz for 20 min. |
N/A | LIPUS increased phosphorylation of Integrin β1, FAK, JNK, ERK, and p38. | (18) |
| 30,262,135 | Hsieh et al. (2018) | N/A | Male SD rats ACLT&M OA model. 0.1 W/cm2, 1.0 MHz for 4 wk. |
LIPUS delayed cartilage degradation by reducing synovial inflammation and MMP 13 expression and enhancing Col II expression in cartilage. | (13) |
| 31,500,508 | Zhang et al. (2020) | TIB-202 and TIB-71 cell line. 30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz for 20 min. |
Male C57BL/6 mice DMM-OA and air pouch model. 30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz for 20 min/d, 6 d/wk. for 2wk. |
LIPUS ameliorated the gait patterns and synovial inflammation, which may be related to LIPUS-inhibitory mature IL1B production. LIPUS decreased the production of mature IL1B mainly through enhancing autophagy-mediated degradation of PKM and SQSTM1 in macrophages. | (22) |
| 33,423,862 | Feltham et al. (2021) | N/A | Dawley rats IAF-PTOA model. 30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz for 20 min/d for 2wk. |
LIPUS treatment reduced CD68+ macrophages in the synovium and down-regulated IL-1β in the joint fluid. | (21) |
| 34,611,513 | Liao et al. (2021) | OA patients FLSs. 30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz for 20 min. |
Male C57BL/6 mice DMM-OA model. 30 mW/cm2, 1.5 MHz for 20 min/d, for 7 and 14d. |
LIPUS inhibited the proliferation and fibrotic response of FLSs through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, thereby alleviating synovial fibrosis in OA | (19) |
COX-2, cyclooxygenase-1; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; HAS, hyaluronan synthase; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; JNK, Jun N-terminal kinase; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinase; ACLT&M, anterior cruciate ligament transection combined with meniscectomy; MMP, matrix metallopeptidase; Col II, collagen type II; IL, interleukin; PKM, pyruvate kinase; SQSTM1, sequestosome1; IAF-PTOA, intra-articular fracture post-traumatic osteoarthritis; FLSs, fibroblast-like synoviocytes; DMM, destabilization of the medial meniscus; Wnt, Wingless-Type MMTV Integration Site Family.