Table 1.
Included studies.
| References, Country | Population age (Mage) | Organized leisure community (categorized context) | Design (n = sample size) | Mental health outcome (scale) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baker et al. (25), Australia | 12–19 years (13.9) | Music (music)* | Qualitative (n = 85) | Wellbeing: feeling safe, having fun, pushing beyond boundaries |
| Battaglia et al. (26), Canada | 18–19 years | Ice hockey (sport) | Qualitative (n = 10) | Athletic worth, sense of fun and enjoyment, interests in other activities, sport relationships |
| Bean et al. (27), Canada | 10–18 years (15.4) | Several sports disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 160) | Mental wellbeing (WEMWBS) |
| Calo et al. (28), Scotland | 12–17 years | Music (music)* | Mixed method (n = 27) | Wellbeing (Good Childhood Index); self-confidence, trust, connectedness, engagement outside the intervention, engagement with the intervention |
| Cicognani et al. (29), Italy | 16–26 years (20.8) | Voluntary/charity-, youth-, and religious groups (voluntary work and activism) | Quantitative (n = 835) | Social wellbeing (MHC-SF) |
| Clennon and Boehm (30), UK | Intervention 1: (13.0) Intervention 2: 12–18 years (12.0) | Musical program (creativity and art)* | Qualitative (intervention 1: n = 55) (intervention 2: n = 23) | Wellbeing: emotional awareness, self-esteem, anger management, self-esteem and confidence in sexual orientation |
| Conner et al. (31), US | Not specified (University students) | Activism (voluntary work and activism) | Qualitative (n = 42) | Mental health: social capital or connection to others, sense of purpose, effecting change, self-care and collective care |
| Cronin and Allen (32), UK | 10–19 years (13.4) | Several sports disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 202) | Psychological wellbeing: self-esteem (SDQII), positive affect (PANAS), life satisfaction (SWLS) |
| Dore et al. (33), Canada | 16–39 years (18.5) | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 460) | Positive mental health (MHC-SF) |
| Duberg et al. (34), Sweden | 13–18 years (16.0) | Dance program (dance)* | Qualitative (n = 112) | Finding embodied self-trust that opens new doors |
| Eriksen and Seland (35), Norway | 14–20 years | Youth club (residual leisure communities) | Qualitative (n = 14) | Wellbeing: a safe place to be(long), social relations and identity formation, growth, purpose, and confidence |
| Forgeard and Benson (36), US | (19.0) | Athletic, academic, artistic, and prosocial activities (mixed leisure communities) | Quantitative (n = 512) | Psychological adjustment (CES-D, SPANE, DASS-21, PSWQ, SWLS, FS) |
| Gardner et al. (37), Australia | 11–15 years (13.0) | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 313) | Enjoyment (SCM) and intention to continue |
| Geidne and Quennerstedt (38), Sweden | 15–16 years | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 123) | What characteristics of a sports clubs make them feel good or bad, and what a sports club can do to make them stay as long as possible (open-ended questions) |
| Godfrey et al. (39), UK | 8–18 years | Surfing (sport)* | Quantitative (n = 114) | Wellbeing (SCWBS) |
| González et al. (40), Spain | 8–37 (14.7) | Football and basketball (sport) | Quantitative (n = 641) | Sport enjoyment (Intrinsic Satisfaction in Sport Questionnaire) |
| Gonzalez-Hernandez et al. (41), Spain | 14–19 years (16.8) | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 436) | Psychological wellbeing (EBP) |
| Graupensperger et al. (42), US | (19.6) | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 697) | Wellbeing: life satisfaction (the happiness scale, the subjective health scale) |
| Harkins et al. (43), Scotland | 6–16 years | Orchestra program (music)* | Qualitative (n = 125) | Mental and emotional wellbeing |
| Harris et al. (44), Australia | 12–18 years | Hip hop dance program (dance)* | Qualitative (n = 171) | Psychological and social wellbeing |
| Hauseman (45), Canada | 10–18 years | Youth-led community arts hubs (creativity and art)* | Qualitative (n = 27) | Perspective on program structure, youth participation and qualities of effective youth leaders and program coordinators |
| Hignett et al. (46), UK | 13–16 years (14.3) | Surfing program (sport)* | Mixed method (n = 58) | Wellbeing (BPHS-Y) |
| Jakobsson and Lundvall (47), Sweden | 9–19 years | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Qualitative (n = 114) | Views of participation in sport |
| Jakobsson (48), Sweden | 15–19 years | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Qualitative (n = 18) | What make teenagers participate |
| Jetzke and Mutz (49), Germany | (23.2) | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 4,698) | Life satisfaction (SWLS) |
| Kinoshita et al. (50), Canada | (15.4) | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 196) | Thriving: intention to continue sport, athletic subjective wellbeing (PANAS, SWLS), goal progress |
| Laurence (51), UK | 15–17 years | Club participation (mixed leisure communities)* | Quantitative (n = 7,970) | Life satisfaction (how satisfied are you with your life on a scale from 1 to 10?) |
| Leversen et al. (52), Norway | 15–16 years | Different leisure activities (mixed leisure communities) | Quantitative (n = 3,273) | Life satisfaction (Huebner's SLSS) |
| Light and Yasaki (53), Australia & Japan | 13–16 years | Basketball (sport) | Mixed method (n = 12) | Sport enjoyment and experience |
| Lindgren et al. (54), Sweden | 18–25 years | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Qualitative (n = 55) | How sport clubs retain young adults |
| Merati et al. (55), Canada | 7–12 years | Music program (music)* | Qualitative (n = 8) | Wellbeing: emotional-, social-, personal-, and educational wellbeing |
| Moreau et al. (56), Canada | (17.6) | Sportsprogram (sport)* | Qualitative (n = 9) | Psychosocial benefits |
| Navickas et al. (57), Lithuania | 18–23 years | Volunteer work (voluntary work and activism) | Quantitative (n = 200) | Life quality |
| Oberle et al. (58), Canada | (9.2–12.3) | Different types of extracurricular activities (mixed leisure communities) | Quantitative (n = 10,149) | Life satisfaction (SWLS—adapted for Children) |
| Parker (59), US | Not specified (high school) | Choir (music) | Qualitative (n = 40) | Self-growth |
| Phillips Reichter and Weiss (60), US | 11–14 years (12.9) | Sport and music (mixed leisure communities) | Quantitative (n = 366) | Motivational orientation (subscales of the MOSS) |
| Price and Weiss (61), US | 15–18 years (15.9) | Soccer (sport) | Quantitative (n = 412) | Psychosocial and team outcomes: perceived competence (SPPA), intrinsic motivation (MOSS), enjoyment, team cohesion (GEQ), collective efficacy (CEQS) |
| Reverberi et al. (62), Italy | 14–20 years (16.2) | Soccer (sport) | Quantitative (n = 415) | Psychological wellbeing (Ryff's PWB Scale) |
| Rottensteiner et al. (63), Finland | 14–15 years | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 1,936) | Sport enjoyment (enjoyment scale) |
| Scrantom and McLaughlin (64), Nothern Ireland | 11–15 years | Dance program (dance)* | Qualitative (n = 10) | Psychosocial benefits |
| Sebire et al. (65), UK | 11–12 years | Dance program (dance)* | Mixed methods (n = 571) | Perceived level of exertion and enjoyment |
| Stark and Newton (66), US | 15–18 years (16.3) | Different dance environments (dance) | Quantitative (n = 84) | Psychological wellbeing: positive and negative affect (PANAS), body-esteem (BESAA), friendship (IPPA) |
| Stevens et al. (67), Australia | 8–14 years (10.0) | Circus (residual leisure communities) | Qualitative (n = 55) | Wellbeing |
| Super et al. (68), the Netherlands | 11–17 years | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Qualitative (n = 22) | Sports experiences |
| Swann et al. (69), Australia | 12–17 years (14.7) | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Qualitative (n = 55) | Mental health |
| Tamminen et al. (70), Canada | (16.3) | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 451) | Sport enjoyment (Scanlan's measure of enjoyment) and commitment |
| Van Hoye et al. (71), France | 8–14 years | Football (sport) | Quantitative (n = 342) | Enjoyment (enjoyment subscale from the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory), drop-out intentions, self-esteem (PSDQ), perceived health (single item) |
| Vella et al. (72), Australia | 12–19 years (14.6) | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Quantitative (n = 383) | Wellbeing (Key's MHC-SF) |
| Vettraino et al. (73), Canada | Not specified (7th and 8th grade) | Theater (creativity and art)* | Qualitative (n = 29) | Wellbeing |
| White et al. (74), Australia | (14.4) | Several sport disciplines (sport) | Qualitative (n = 144) | Positive affect |
| Wright et al. (75), Canada | 14–20 years (16.7) | Arts program (creativity and art)* | Qualitative (n = 32) | Positive development |
| Yuriev (76), Canada | Not specified (University students) | Volunteer work (voluntary work and activism) | Qualitative (n = 5) | Satisfaction |
*Organized leisure community as an intervention.