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. 2024 Apr 23;37:348–377. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.033

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© 2024 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 1 — Development of 4D printing and 4D bioprinting. (a) Evolution of printing technologies. (b) A timeline highlighting key milestones of 4D printing/bioprinting. Figures (from left to right) reproduced with permission from Ref. [11] (Copyright 2014, Wiley-VCH) [35], (Copyright 2016, Springer Nature) [36], (Licensed under a Creative Commons CC BY license) [37], (Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH) [38], (Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society) [39], (Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society) [40], (Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH). (c, d) Number of publications related to (c) 4D printing and (d) 4D bioprinting in the past decade. Statistics of the publication data are collected from Web of Science on March 9, 2024.