Fig. 10.

4D printing of SCBs. (a–e) 4D printing of Laponite/NFC/NIPPAm: (a) schematic illustration of the shear-induced alignment of cellulose fibrils during extrusion and subsequent effects on anisotropic stiffness E and swelling strain α, (b) printing path of an orchid, (c) printed structure, (d) shape-morphing orchid from different views, (e) a native orchid (scale bar: 5 mm). Reproduced with permission [35]. Copyright 2016, Springer Nature. (f) Temperature-triggered shape change of 4D printed whale-like and octopus-like structures made of Laponite/agarose/PAM. Reproduced with permission [146]. Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. (g) 4D printing of shape memory structures (line, flower, vascular stents) using Fe₃O₄/PLA. Reproduced with permission [148]. Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.