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. 2024 Apr 23;37:348–377. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.03.033

Fig. 7.

Fig. 7

Shape morphing hydrogels. (a) A 6-petal flower made of alginate. Reproduced with permission [43]. Licensed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. (b) 4D-bioprinted self-folding AlgMA tube. Reproduced with permission [37]. Copyright 2017, Wiley-VCH. (c) Cross section of GelMA tubes seeded with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Reproduced with permission [137]. Licensed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. (d) PKH dye-labeled cells in 4D-bioprinted silk after two-week culture in vitro. Reproduced with permission [70]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier B.V. (e) PEGDA bilayer tubes containing Hoechst-stained fibroblasts (blue) in the inner hydrogel layer and calcein AM-stained fibroblasts (green) in the outer hydrogel layer. Reproduced with permission [131]. Copyright 2013, Wiley-VCH. (f) An artificial flower changed from a chitosan sheet. Reproduced with permission [45]. Licensed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. (g) Human MSC-laden 6-petal blossoms made of oxidase AlgMA (OMA). Reproduced with permission [133]. Licensed under a Creative Commons CC BY license. (h) Cell-laden bilayer tubes composed of an OMA layer and a GelMA layer. Reproduced with permission [132]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (i) DLP-produced GelMA/PEGDA self-folding scaffolds containing NIH/3T3 cells. Reproduced with permission [74]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society.