Table 2.
SMPs for 4D printing.
| SMP | Printer type | External stimuli | Activation temperature | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polylactic acid (PLA) | FDM | Heat | About 80 °C | __ | [111] |
| PLA and ferromagnetic PLA | FDM | Microwave | 28 °C to 130 °C | __ | [112] |
| Soybean oil epoxidized acrylate | SLA | Heat or water | 37 °C | Tissue engineering scaffolds | [77,114] |
| Methacrylated polycaprolactone | SLA | Heat | 40 °C to 50 °C | Airway stent | [117] |
| Black phosphorus nanosheets/TCP/PDLLA-co-TMC | MEB | Light | 45 °C | Bone tissue engineering scaffolds | [80] |
| Polycarbonates | SLA | Heat | 37 °C | Scaffolds for soft tissue repair | [118] |
| SMPs combined with two PCL-diacrylates with different molecular weights | __ | Heat | 30 °C to 55 °C | Bone tissue engineering scaffolds | [119] |
| MDI/PEG/PU | __ | Heat | 37 °C | Cartilage tissue engineering scaffolds | [120] |
| Poly(glycerol dodecanoate) acrylate | MEB | Heat | 20 °C to 37 °C | Vascular grafts | [121] |
| Poly(glycerol sebacate) acrylate-co-hydroxyethyl methacrylate | DLP | Heat | 37.8 °C | Inferior vena cava filters | [122] |
Abbreviation: MDI, andmethylene diphenyl 4,4-diisocyanate; PEG, poly (ethylene glycol); PU, polyurethane.