Table 3.
Multivariable logistic regression estimates for undiagnosed depression cases among older adults, India, 2017-18
| Background characteristics | Adjusted Odds Ratio of Undiagnosed Depression on | |
|---|---|---|
| CIDI-SF Scale | Combined Scale | |
| Place of residence | ||
| Rural | Ref. | Ref. |
| Urban | 0.80* [0.67–0.96] | 0.80* [0.65–0.98] |
| Sex | ||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. |
| Female | 1.49*** [1.24–1.79] | 1.66*** [1.30–2.12] |
| Marital status | ||
| Currently married | Ref. | Ref. |
| Widowed | 1.63 [0.76–3.48] | 2.02 [0.73–5.58] |
| Divorced/Separated/Deserted/Others | 0.95 [0.40–2.26] | 1.30 [0.42–4.04] |
| Living arrangement | ||
| Living alone | Ref. | Ref. |
| Living with spouse and/or others | 1.13 [0.51–2.47] | 1.39 [0.49-4.0] |
| Living with spouse and children | 1.06 [0.48–2.32] | 1.36 [0.48–3.90] |
| Living with children and others | 0.73* [0.55–0.97] | 0.79 [0.57–1.09] |
| Living with others | 0.92 [0.64–1.33] | 1.05 [0.68–1.62] |
| Religion | ||
| Hindu | Ref. | Ref. |
| Muslim | 1.05 [0.84–1.32] | 1.02 [0.77–1.37] |
| Others | 1.18 [0.90–1.57] | 0.90 [0.61–1.32] |
| Caste/tribe | ||
| Scheduled caste | Ref. | Ref. |
| Scheduled tribe | 0.47*** [0.35–0.63] | 0.50*** [0.35–0.71] |
| Other backward classes | 1.11 [0.92–1.34] | 1.02 [0.80–1.32] |
| None of the above | 0.97 [0.79–1.2] | 0.85 [0.66–1.12] |
| Education | ||
| No schooling | Ref. | Ref. |
| Less than 5 years completed | 1.33* [1.03–1.73] | 1.36 [0.93–1.97] |
| 5–9 years completed | 1.07 [0.88–1.29] | 1.03 [0.79–1.33] |
| 10 or more years completed | 0.91 [0.71–1.16] | 0.96 [0.70–1.33] |
| Work status | ||
| Currently working | Ref. | Ref. |
| Worked in past but currently not working | 1.01 [0.85–1.20] | 1.13 [0.90–1.42] |
| Never worked | 0.62*** [0.49–0.77] | 0.60*** [0.46–0.80] |
| MPCE quintile | ||
| Poorest | Ref. | Ref. |
| Poorer | 0.89 [0.73–1.08] | 0.69* [0.54–0.88] |
| Middle | 1.02 [0.81–1.30] | 0.93 [0.67–1.28] |
| Richer | 1.12 [0.90–1.38] | 0.99 [0.75–1.29] |
| Richest | 1.40** [1.13–1.72] | 1.26 [0.96–1.65] |
| Region | ||
| North | Ref. | Ref. |
| Central | 2.21*** [1.77–2.76] | 2.47*** [1.84–3.32] |
| East | 1.07 [0.81–1.30] | 0.90 [0.68–1.18] |
| North-East | 0.89 [0.65–1.23] | 0.72 [0.45–1.13] |
| West | 1.25 [0.98–1.60] | 1.62** [1.17–2.23] |
| South | 0.50* [0.39–0.64] | 0.57** [0.41–0.79] |
| Health insurance coverage | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.79* [0.65–0.95] | 0.79 [0.61–1.04] |
| Any other diagnosed neurological/psychiatric issues except depression | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 0.99 [0.70–1.39] | 1.28 [0.88–1.86] |
| Any physical/mental impairment | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.96*** [1.61–2.39] | 1.92*** [1.49–2.48] |
| Family history of Alzheimer’s/Parkinson’s disease/Psychotic disorder | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.67*** [1.33–2.10] | 2.00*** [1.52–2.63] |
| Self-rated health | ||
| Good | Ref. | Ref. |
| Moderate | 1.64*** [1.34–2.01] | 1.79*** [1.32–2.43] |
| Poor | 3.60*** [2.90–4.47] | 4.22*** [3.01–5.84] |
| Life satisfaction | ||
| Low | Ref. | Ref. |
| Medium | 0.58*** [0.48–0.69] | 0.52*** [0.40–0.66] |
| High | 0.47*** [0.40–0.56] | 0.35*** [0.27–0.44] |
| Constant | 0.04*** [0.02–0.09] | 0.02*** [0.01–0.06] |
| Number of observations | 30,637 | 30,392 |
| Degree of freedom | 35 | 35 |
| Chi-square | 703.5*** | 580.1*** |
| ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05 | ||