Table 2.

List of proteomic applications on synthesis of milk products at different stages of lactation

Methodology	Protein type	Species and stage of lactation	Target genes	Ref
Milk components
SDS-PAGE, MS	MFGM	Mid-lactation	Cell signaling and membrane/ Protein Trafficking	[37]
Shotgun proteomics	MFGM	D 7 after calving compared with colostrum	Lipid transportation, synthesis, and secretion	[38]
2D, MS	Whey proteome, milk protein	Early lactation, colostrum, caprine, bovine, equine, buffalo	Immunoglobulins and caseins β-lactoglobumin, β2-microglobulin, Vitamin D-binding protein, zinc-α-2-glycoprotein, and immunoglobulin G2 chain C	[39, 40]
Nutrition and lactation stages
2D, MS	Milk protein	Lys and Met (Cow, Mid-lactation stage to compare quality in fresh milk with colostrum)	A series of biological processes such as transcription, translation, protein synthesis, cell division and differentiation and even the cell cycle	[41]

MS Mass spectrometer, SDS-PAGE Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 2D 2-D electrophoresis, MFGM Milk fat globule membrane, Lys Lysine, Met Methionine