Table 3.

List of metabolomic application in milk products and quality of milk based on dairy cow research

Methodology	Target genes	Milk characterization	Ref
Milk composition
GC–MS and LC–MS	Hippurate and ribose 5-phosphate	Organic whole milk	[43]
NMR spectroscopy	Choline, N-acetyl hexosamines, creatinine, glycerophosphocholine, glutamate, glucose 1-phosphate, galactose 1-phosphate, and orotate	Total protein content	[44]
NMR spectroscopy; GC–MS	Lactate, acetate, glutamate, creatinine, choline, carnitine, galactose 1-phosphate, and glycerophosphocholine, uracil, and lactic acid	The coagulation conditions of milk and milk traits	[45]
Milk quality
GC–MS analysis	Glycine, Valine, malic acid, talose, hydroxyglutaric acid, fructose, and glucose	Goat milk, cow milk, pasteurized milk, ultra-high temperature-treated milk or cow milk	[46]
NMR spectroscopy analysis	Succinic acid and choline	Cow milk	[47]

GC–MS Gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, LC–MS Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer, NMR Nuclear magnetic resonance