Table 3.
Multilevel Mixed Effects Ordered Probit Models Predicting Frequency of Sadness in Past 2 Weeks
| Fixed effects | Model 1: Global Quality | Model 2: Validation | Model 3: Frequency of disagreements | Model 4: All | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estimate | p | (RSE) | Estimate | p | (RSE) | Estimate | p | (RSE) | Estimate | p | (RSE) | |
| Partnership quality | ||||||||||||
| Within overall quality | −0.30 | *** | (0.04) | −0.24 | *** | (0.04) | ||||||
| Between overall quality | −0.40 | *** | (0.09) | −0.28 | * | (0.11) | ||||||
| Within validation | −0.34 | *** | (0.06) | −0.13 | * | (0.06) | ||||||
| Between validation | −0.68 | *** | (0.18) | −0.27 | (0.23) | |||||||
| Within frequency of disagreements | 0.27 | *** | (0.04) | 0.22 | *** | (0.04) | ||||||
| Between frequency of disagreements | 0.43 | *** | (0.11) | 0.34 | ** | (0.11) | ||||||
| Childhood family exposures | ||||||||||||
| Poor maternal relationship quality (ref: none) | ||||||||||||
| Age 3 or age 5 only | −0.11 | (0.15) | −0.10 | (0.14) | −0.13 | (0.15) | −0.15 | (0.15) | ||||
| Age 9 only | 0.06 | (0.26) | 0.00 | (0.26) | 0.09 | (0.27) | 0.06 | (0.26) | ||||
| Early and later | 0.06 | (0.20) | 0.10 | (0.17) | −0.09 | (0.19) | 0.09 | (0.20) | ||||
| Maternal psychological harsh parenting (ref: none) | ||||||||||||
| Age 3 or age 5 only | −0.09 | (0.21) | −0.08 | (0.21) | −0.14 | (0.21) | −0.14 | (0.21) | ||||
| Age 9 only | −0.07 | (0.25) | 0.05 | (0.25) | 0.05 | (0.24) | 0.02 | (0.26) | ||||
| Early and later | −0.08 | (0.25) | −0.09 | (0.25) | 0.06 | (0.26) | −0.06 | (0.25) | ||||
| Maternal physical harsh parenting (ref: none) | ||||||||||||
| Age 3 or age 5 only | −0.06 | (0.18) | 0.00 | (0.19) | −0.05 | (0.18) | −0.03 | (0.18) | ||||
| Age 9 only | −0.12 | (0.26) | −0.20 | (0.27) | −0.14 | (0.27) | −0.20 | (0.27) | ||||
| Early and later | −0.05 | (0.29) | −0.10 | (0.28) | −0.12 | (0.30) | −0.13 | (0.30) | ||||
| Partnership type (ref: dating) | ||||||||||||
| Friends w/benefits | 0.06 | (0.12) | 0.21 | † | (0.11) | 0.44 | *** | (0.12) | 0.15 | (0.12) | ||
| Talking/flirting | 0.01 | (0.08) | 0.10 | (0.07) | 0.32 | *** | (0.08) | 0.10 | (0.08) | |||
| Other | 0.09 | (0.16) | 0.42 | * | (0.17) | 0.61 | *** | (0.16) | 0.25 | (0.17) | ||
| Baseline sadness | 0.99 | *** | (0.10) | 0.95 | *** | (0.10) | 0.98 | *** | (0.10) | 0.96 | *** | (0.10) |
| Survey wave | −0.01 | (0.01) | −0.01 | (0.01) | 0.00 | (0.01) | −0.01 | † | (0.01) | |||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Female | 0.32 | * | (0.13) | 0.37 | ** | (0.13) | 0.26 | † | (0.14) | 0.26 | † | (0.14) |
| Age at baseline (months) | 0.00 | (0.01) | −0.01 | (0.01) | −0.01 | (0.01) | −0.01 | (0.01) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity (ref: NH White) | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | −0.17 | (0.19) | −0.11 | (0.19) | −0.01 | (0.19) | −0.15 | (0.19) | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.20 | (0.20) | 0.22 | (0.19) | 0.23 | (0.19) | 0.23 | (0.20) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Other | −0.09 | (0.32) | −0.01 | (0.35) | −0.14 | (0.35) | −0.02 | (0.32) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Multi-racial | 0.42 | † | (0.23) | 0.37 | (0.23) | 0.41 | † | (0.22) | 0.44 | † | (0.22) | |
| Mother’s completed education (ref: < high school diploma) | ||||||||||||
| High school diploma/GED | −0.18 | (0.17) | −0.18 | (0.17) | −0.11 | (0.17) | −0.13 | (0.18) | ||||
| Some college/technical | −0.18 | (0.16) | −0.16 | (0.16) | −0.06 | (0.16) | −0.11 | (0.17) | ||||
| BA/BS or graduate school | −0.65 | ** | (0.22) | −0.54 | * | (0.22) | −0.47 | * | (0.24) | −0.53 | * | (0.23) |
| Mother’s poverty ratio at baseline (ref: 0–49% of FPL) | ||||||||||||
| 50–99% of FPL | 0.17 | (0.23) | 0.18 | (0.24) | 0.23 | (0.23) | 0.18 | (0.23) | ||||
| 100–199% of FPL | 0.07 | (0.20) | 0.10 | (0.21) | 0.21 | (0.20) | 0.18 | (0.20) | ||||
| 200–299% of FPL | 0.28 | (0.25) | 0.27 | (0.25) | 0.40 | (0.25) | 0.37 | (0.25) | ||||
| 300% + of FPL | 0.22 | (0.22) | 0.24 | (0.22) | 0.36 | (0.22) | 0.32 | (0.22) | ||||
| Mother’s marital status at birth (ref: not married or cohabiting) | ||||||||||||
| Married | 0.13 | (0.20) | 0.00 | (0.20) | 0.04 | (0.21) | 0.09 | (0.21) | ||||
| Cohabiting | 0.06 | (0.15) | 0.05 | (0.15) | 0.00 | (0.15) | 0.03 | (0.15) | ||||
| Mother’s age at time of birth | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01) | ||||
| Mother US-born | 0.09 | (0.19) | 0.14 | (0.19) | 0.08 | (0.19) | 0.06 | (0.19) | ||||
| Random effects ([co=]variances) | Estimate | (RSE) | Estimate | (RSE) | Estimate | (RSE) | Estimate | (RSE) | ||||
| Intercept | 0.82 | (0.10) | 0.79 | (0.10) | 0.82 | (0.10) | 0.81 | (0.10) | ||||
| Within partnership quality | 0.06 | (0.02) | 0.12 | (0.06) | 0.08 | (0.04) | 0.06 | (0.03) | ||||
| Intercept & w/in partnership quality | 0.05 | (0.05) | 0.03 | (0.07) | 0.00 | (0.06) | 0.06 | (0.05) | ||||
Source: mDiary Study of Adolescent Relationships and FFCWS
Notes:
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001;
†
p < 0.10.
Results for “missing” race/ethnicity category not shown. In Models 1–3, the random effect for “partnership quality” corresponds to the within-partnership quality measure being used in the model. In Model 4, random effects are included for only global quality, not validation and frequency of disagreements.