Table 4.
Multilevel Mixed Effects Ordered Probit Models Predicting Frequency of Happiness in Past 2 Weeks
| Model 1: Global Quality | Model 2: Validation | Model 3: Frequency of disagreements | Model 4: All | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | Estimate | p | (RSE) | Estimate | p | (RSE) | Estimate | p | (RSE) | Estimate | p | (RSE) |
| Partnership quality | ||||||||||||
| Within global quality | 0.37 | *** | (0.04) | 0.27 | *** | (0.04) | ||||||
| Between global quality | 0.52 | *** | (0.10) | 0.28 | * | (0.12) | ||||||
| Within validation | 0.58 | *** | (0.06) | 0.34 | *** | (0.07) | ||||||
| Between validation | 1.04 | *** | (0.19) | 0.69 | ** | (0.25) | ||||||
| Within frequency of disagreements | −0.19 | *** | (0.05) | −0.10 | * | (0.04) | ||||||
| Between frequency of disagreements | −0.50 | *** | (0.12) | −0.36 | ** | (0.11) | ||||||
| Childhood family exposures | ||||||||||||
| Poor maternal relationship quality (ref: none) | ||||||||||||
| Age 3 or age 5 only | 0.01 | (0.17) | −0.02 | (0.16) | 0.09 | (0.17) | 0.05 | (0.16) | ||||
| Age 9 only | 0.01 | (0.31) | 0.11 | (0.31) | −0.05 | (0.30) | −0.04 | (0.33) | ||||
| Early and later | −0.24 | (0.26) | −0.39 | (0.24) | −0.11 | (0.26) | −0.33 | (0.26) | ||||
| Maternal psychological harsh parenting (ref: none) | ||||||||||||
| Age 3 or age 5 only | −0.23 | (0.23) | −0.23 | (0.23) | −0.18 | (0.23) | −0.20 | (0.23) | ||||
| Age 9 only | −0.44 | (0.28) | −0.53 | † | (0.27) | −0.53 | * | (0.27) | −0.52 | † | (0.28) | |
| Early and later | −0.32 | (0.28) | −0.31 | (0.27) | −0.50 | † | (0.29) | −0.29 | (0.28) | |||
| Maternal physical harsh parenting (ref: none) | ||||||||||||
| Age 3 or age 5 only | 0.07 | (0.20) | 0.03 | (0.19) | 0.08 | (0.19) | 0.00 | (0.19) | ||||
| Age 9 only | 0.23 | (0.28) | 0.39 | (0.29) | 0.28 | (0.28) | 0.34 | (0.27) | ||||
| Early and later | −0.03 | (0.30) | 0.10 | (0.30) | 0.05 | (0.31) | −0.01 | (0.32) | ||||
| Partnership type (ref: dating) | ||||||||||||
| Friends w/benefits | 0.07 | (0.13) | −0.06 | (0.13) | −0.34 | ** | (0.12) | 0.07 | (0.14) | |||
| Talking/flirting | −0.27 | ** | (0.08) | −0.34 | *** | (0.07) | −0.57 | *** | (0.08) | −0.31 | *** | (0.08) |
| Other | −0.55 | *** | (0.15) | −0.70 | *** | (0.18) | −1.00 | *** | (0.16) | −0.61 | *** | (0.16) |
| Baseline happiness | 1.07 | *** | (0.09) | 1.05 | *** | (0.09) | 1.09 | *** | (0.09) | 1.04 | *** | (0.09) |
| Survey wave | 0.01 | * | (0.01) | 0.01 | * | (0.01) | 0.01 | (0.01) | 0.01 | * | (0.01) | |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Female | −0.32 | * | (0.13) | −0.39 | ** | (0.13) | −0.23 | † | (0.14) | −0.26 | † | (0.13) |
| Age at baseline (months) | 0.00 | (0.02) | 0.00 | (0.02) | 0.01 | (0.02) | 0.00 | (0.02) | ||||
| Race/ethnicity (ref: NH White) | ||||||||||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | −0.04 | (0.21) | −0.11 | (0.21) | −0.25 | (0.21) | −0.09 | (0.21) | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | −0.23 | (0.22) | −0.29 | (0.20) | −0.25 | (0.21) | −0.26 | (0.21) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Other | −0.36 | (0.31) | −0.41 | (0.31) | −0.17 | (0.34) | −0.43 | (0.30) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic Multi-racial | −0.08 | (0.30) | −0.15 | (0.29) | −0.06 | (0.30) | −0.13 | (0.27) | ||||
| Mother’s completed education (ref: < high school diploma) | ||||||||||||
| High school diploma/GED | −0.01 | (0.19) | −0.02 | (0.19) | −0.12 | (0.18) | −0.03 | (0.18) | ||||
| Some college/technical | 0.21 | (0.20) | 0.22 | (0.20) | 0.02 | (0.19) | 0.15 | (0.19) | ||||
| BA/BS or graduate school | 0.56 | * | (0.26) | 0.41 | (0.25) | 0.34 | (0.25) | 0.36 | (0.25) | |||
| Mother’s poverty ratio at baseline (ref: 0–49% of FPL) | ||||||||||||
| 50–99% of FPL | −0.05 | (0.24) | −0.03 | (0.25) | 0.01 | (0.24) | −0.08 | (0.24) | ||||
| 100–199% of FPL | 0.33 | (0.23) | 0.28 | (0.24) | 0.20 | (0.22) | 0.23 | (0.23) | ||||
| 200–299% of FPL | 0.18 | (0.27) | 0.16 | (0.27) | 0.09 | (0.26) | 0.06 | (0.27) | ||||
| 300% + of FPL | 0.29 | (0.26) | 0.23 | (0.25) | 0.22 | (0.24) | 0.17 | (0.25) | ||||
| Mother’s marital status at birth (ref: not married or cohabiting) | ||||||||||||
| Married | −0.27 | (0.23) | −0.13 | (0.22) | −0.32 | (0.22) | −0.14 | (0.22) | ||||
| Cohabiting | −0.19 | (0.16) | −0.20 | (0.16) | −0.16 | (0.16) | −0.14 | (0.15) | ||||
| Mother’s age at time of birth | −0.01 | (0.01) | −0.01 | (0.01) | −0.01 | (0.01) | −0.01 | (0.01) | ||||
| Mother US-born | −0.17 | (0.23) | −0.29 | (0.21) | −0.08 | (0.23) | −0.18 | (0.22) | ||||
| Random effects ([co=]variances) | Estimate | (RSE) | Estimate | (RSE) | Estimate | (RSE) | Estimate | (RSE) | ||||
| Intercept | 1.03 | (0.13) | 0.97 | (0.12) | 1.02 | (0.13) | 0.94 | (0.12) | ||||
| Within partnership quality | 0.07 | (0.03) | 0.18 | (0.07) | 0.10 | (0.04) | 0.06 | (0.02) | ||||
| Intercept & w/in partnership quality | −0.09 | † | (0.05) | −0.16 | † | (0.09) | 0.15 | * | (0.07) | −0.10 | * | (0.05) |
Source: mDiary Study of Adolescent Relationships and FFCWS
Notes:
*
p < 0.05;
**
p < 0.01;
***
p < 0.001;
†
p < 0.10.
Results for “missing” race/ethnicity category not shown. In Models 1–3, the random effect for “partnership quality” corresponds to the within-partnership quality measure being used in the model. In Model 4, random effects are included for only global quality, not validation and frequency of disagreements.