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Published in final edited form as: Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2024 Mar 15;168:104104. doi: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104104

Fig. 2. — Contrasting effects of EpOMEs and DiHOMEs on immune responses of S. exigua. (A) Hemocyte-spreading behavior (left) and nodule formation (right) after exposure to test compounds including linoleic acid (LA). Hemocytes were stained with FITC against F-actin and DAPI against nucleus. Nodules are indicated by arrows. The scale bar represents 10 μm. (B) Effect of different doses of test compounds on hemocyte-spreading behavior. The cellular spread was scored by counting the number of cells exhibiting F-actin growth out of cell boundary among 100 randomly selected cells. The right panel compares the effects of a single dose (1 μg) of DiHOME and EpOME in each regioisomer on hemocyte spread. (C) Effect of different doses of test compounds on nodulation. Nodule formation was determined by dissection at 8 h after injection with E. coli (1.73×10³ cells/larva) and/or test compounds. For control (‘CON’) treatment, only E. coli was injected. Right panel shows a comparison of nodule formation after exposure to a single dose as described above. (D) Upregulation of phenoloxidase (PO) activity at 8 h after PGE₂ (1 μg per larva) treatment. (E) Downregulation of PO activity with test compounds (μg) injected along with the bacteria. (F) Effects of EpOMEs and DiHOMEs on the expression of 10 antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes: apolipophorin III (AL), defensin (Def), gallerimycin (Gal), gloverin (Glv), lysozyme (Lyz), transferrin I (T1), transferrin II (T2), attacin 1 (A1), attacin 2 (A2), and cecropin (Cec). AMP gene expression was determined via RT-qPCR at 8 h after injection with E. coli (1.73×10³ cells/larva) and/or test compounds. Each treatment was replicated three times with individual tissue preparations. ‘NS’ stands for no significant difference between two treatments. Asterisks or different letters above standard error bars indicate significant differences among means with Type I error of 0.05 (LSD test).

Fig. 2. — Contrasting effects of EpOMEs and DiHOMEs on immune responses of S. exigua. (A) Hemocyte-spreading behavior (left) and nodule formation (right) after exposure to test compounds including linoleic acid (LA). Hemocytes were stained with FITC against F-actin and DAPI against nucleus. Nodules are indicated by arrows. The scale bar represents 10 μm. (B) Effect of different doses of test compounds on hemocyte-spreading behavior. The cellular spread was scored by counting the number of cells exhibiting F-actin growth out of cell boundary among 100 randomly selected cells. The right panel compares the effects of a single dose (1 μg) of DiHOME and EpOME in each regioisomer on hemocyte spread. (C) Effect of different doses of test compounds on nodulation. Nodule formation was determined by dissection at 8 h after injection with E. coli (1.73×10³ cells/larva) and/or test compounds. For control (‘CON’) treatment, only E. coli was injected. Right panel shows a comparison of nodule formation after exposure to a single dose as described above. (D) Upregulation of phenoloxidase (PO) activity at 8 h after PGE₂ (1 μg per larva) treatment. (E) Downregulation of PO activity with test compounds (μg) injected along with the bacteria. (F) Effects of EpOMEs and DiHOMEs on the expression of 10 antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes: apolipophorin III (AL), defensin (Def), gallerimycin (Gal), gloverin (Glv), lysozyme (Lyz), transferrin I (T1), transferrin II (T2), attacin 1 (A1), attacin 2 (A2), and cecropin (Cec). AMP gene expression was determined via RT-qPCR at 8 h after injection with E. coli (1.73×10³ cells/larva) and/or test compounds. Each treatment was replicated three times with individual tissue preparations. ‘NS’ stands for no significant difference between two treatments. Asterisks or different letters above standard error bars indicate significant differences among means with Type I error of 0.05 (LSD test).