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PA preconditioning improves the impairment of hippocampus related memory function in rats after operation. A. Total distance of OFT. B. The percentage of spontaneous alternation in Y-maze test. C-E. Percentage of freeing time in FC training, contextual fear test, and cued fear test; F. Representative trajectories of FC training and contextual fear test. N = 9–12. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. **: P < 0.01, ***: P < 0.001.
