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. 2024 Mar 19;39(5):923–935. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deae056

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@oup.com

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Figure 2. — Power Doppler ultrasound and schematic images of the utero-placental vasculature in a first-trimester pregnancy displaying normal and restricted prenatal growth. Overview of the utero-placental vasculature. (A) Two-dimensional (2D) power Doppler (PD) ultrasound image of a first-trimester pregnancy; all recorded vasculature is depicted in red-yellow colour. The yellow-highlighted section forms the virtual reality (VR)-based segmentation and corresponds with the yellow box in the schematic images. All vasculature in the VR-based segmentation is included in the utero-placental vascular skeleton (uPVS). (B) Schematic image of a first-trimester pregnant uterus including the uterine and placental vasculature (red, arterial vasculature; blue, venous vasculature). The yellow box contains decidua, invasive extravillous trophoblast and placental tissue which form the interface of the utero-placental vasculature. The vascular structures within the utero-placental vasculature are confined to the maternal basal and spiral arteries and their communicating arterio-venous anastomoses, and possibly vessels of the embryonic/foetal-placental blood space. (C) Enlarged section of a 3D PD ultrasound image of the utero-placental vasculature and uPVS in pregnancies with normal prenatal growth. The uPVS is characterized by an increased number of end- (red), bifurcation- (green), crossing- (blue), and vessel- (white) points when compared to pregnancies with restricted prenatal growth (as shown in panel E). (D) Schematic image of the utero-placental vasculature in pregnancies with normal prenatal growth, characterized by an increased absolute number of branches and arterio-venous anastomosis when compared to pregnancies with restricted prenatal growth. (E) Enlarged section of a 3D PD ultrasound image of the utero-placental vasculature and uPVS in pregnancies with restricted prenatal growth. The uPVS is characterized by a decreased number of end- (red), bifurcation- (green), crossing- (blue), and vessel- (white) points when compared to pregnancies with normal prenatal growth. (F) Schematic image of the utero-placental vasculature in pregnancies with restricted prenatal growth, characterized by a decreased absolute number of branches and arterio-venous anastomosis when compared to pregnancies with normal prenatal growth.