Table 3.

Associations between first-trimester trajectories of absolute utero-placental vascular morphologic development and second and third trimester of fetal growth, birthweight percentiles.

Morphologic characteristic	Estimated fetal weight second trimester		Estimated fetal weight third trimester		Birth weight percentiles
	N = 198		N = 193		N = 197
	β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]
	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted
$\surd \mathrm{uPVS}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{endpoints} \left(\mathrm{n}\right)$	2.729	3.379	6.396	8.802	−0.081	0.020
	[0.398; 5.060] *	[0.945; 5.813] **	[−1.449; 14.241]	[0.336; 17.267] *	[−1.164; 1.001]	[−1.159; 1.199]
$\surd \mathrm{uPVS}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{bifurcation}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{points} \left(\mathrm{n}\right)$	1.677	2.134	4.012	5.697	0.223	0.293
	[0.011; 3.343] *	[0.370; 3.897] *	[−1.628; 9.653]	[−0.438; 11.831]	[−0.573; 1.019]	[−0.569; 1.155]
$\surd \mathrm{uPVS}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{crossing}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{points} \left(\mathrm{n}\right)$	2.608	3.207	5.499	7.454	0.421	0.502
	[0.295; 4.921] *	[0.744; 5.670] *	[−2.384; 13.381]	[−1.155; 16.063]	[−0.696; 1.537]	[−0.713; 1.717]
$\surd \mathrm{uPVS}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{vessel}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{points} \left(\mathrm{n}\right)$	0.666	0.856	1.879	2.654	0.091	0.124
	[−0.055; 1.388]	[0.094; 1.618] *	[−0.556; 4.314]	[0.019; 5.290] *	[−0.251; 0.434]	[−0.246; 0.494]
$\surd \mathrm{Total}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{length} \left(\mathrm{mm}\right)$	0.977	1.205	2.398	3.143	0.025	0.026
	[0.144; 1.810] *	[0.317; 2.092] **	[−0.434; 5.230]	[0.044; 6.243] *	[−0.028; 0.078]	[−0.024; 0.0767]
$\surd \mathrm{Average}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{thickness} \left(\mathrm{mm}\right)$	−39.248	−57.724	−35.841	−81.313	16.363	14.874
	[−141.346; 62.850]	[−163.541; 48.093]	[−377.592; 305.886]	[−446.481; 284.329]	[−30.929; 63.655]	[−34.744; 64.4934]

Depicted are the crude and adjusted estimates: adjusted for maternal age, parity, conception mode, BMI, smoking, and preconception initiation of folic acid supplement use. Models for estimated fetal weight (EFW) in the second and third trimesters are additionally adjusted for gestational age and fetal sex. Second-trimester EFW was measured at 22 weeks gestational age (GA) and third-trimester EFW was measured at 32 weeks GA. uPVS, utero-placental vascular skeleton; GA, gestational age. Bold text indicates a statistically significant association. Significance at

^* P ≤ 0.05,

^** P ≤ 0.01.