. 2024 Mar 19;39(5):923–935. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deae056

Table 4.

Associations between first-trimester trajectories of absolute utero-placental vascular morphologic development and second and third trimester of fetal growth, birthweight percentiles after stratification for conception method, fetal sex, and occurrence of placenta-related complications.

Conception method	Estimated fetal weight second trimester		Estimated fetal weight third trimester		Birth weight percentiles
	Adjusted model		Adjusted model		Adjusted model
	β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]
Morphologic characteristic	IVF/ICSI	Natural	IVF/ICSI	Natural	IVF/ICSI	Natural
Morphologic characteristic	(n = 81)	(n = 117)	(n = 81)	(n = 112)	(n = 77)	(n = 120)
$\sqrt uPVS endpoints (n)$	−2.490	4.655	11.090	7.139	0.794	−0.733
$\sqrt uPVS endpoints (n)$	[−1.652; 6.631]	[2.157; 7.152] ^**	[−3.506; 25.686]	[−3.319; 17.578]	[−0.891; 2.478]	[−2.433; 0.967]
$\sqrt uPVS bifurcation points (n)$	0.736	3.591	5.834	7.711	0.522	0.087
$\sqrt uPVS bifurcation points (n)$	[−2.265 3.736]	[1.840; 5.342] ^**	[−4.820; 16.489]	[0.287; 15.135] ^*	[−0.738; 1.783]	[−1.140; 1.313]
$\sqrt uPVS crossing points (n)$	1.230	4.938	6.840	11.031	0.714	0.278
$\sqrt uPVS crossing points (n)$	[−2.992; 5.451]	[2.491; 7.385] ^**	[−8.314; 21.995]	−0.698; 21.363]^*	[−1.067; 2.496]	[−1.460; 2.016]
$\sqrt uPVS vessel points (n)$	0.280	1.505	2.8501	3.336	0.263	0.006
$\sqrt uPVS vessel points (n)$	[−1.029; 1.589]	[0.751; 2.259] ^*	[−1.764; 7.464]	[0.156; 6.517] ^*	[−0.282; 0.808]	[−0.518; 0.530]
$\sqrt Total length (mm)$	0.395	1.997	2.681	4.536	0.238	0.202
$\sqrt Total length (mm)$	[−1.098; 1.888]	[1.112; 2.882] ^**	[−2.631; 7.992]	[0.738; 8.335] ^*	[−0.391; 0.866]	[−0.424; 0.833]
$\sqrt Average thickness (mm)$	−26.855	−70.086	−249.171	−124.407	−42.889	41.509
$\sqrt Average thickness (mm)$	[−232.422; 178.713]	[−172.889; 32.716]	[−987.203; 488.861]	[−534.432; 285.618]	[−129.345; 43.566]	[−22.021; 105.038]

Fetal sex	Estimated fetal weight second trimester		Estimated fetal weight third trimester		Birth weight percentiles
	Adjusted model		Adjusted model		Adjusted model
	β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]
Morphologic characteristic	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Morphologic characteristic	(n = 99)	(n = 97)	(n = 97)	(n = 94)	(n = 102)	(n = 95)
$\sqrt uPVS endpoints (n)$	2.676	4.258	13.400	4.758	0.765	−0.769
$\sqrt uPVS endpoints (n)$	[−0.147; 5.499]	[0.710; 7.806] ^*	[0.705; 26.095] ^*	[v6.492; 16.007]	[−1.003; 2.533]	[−2.457; 0.920]
$\sqrt uPVS bifurcation points (n)$	1.794	1.994	6.879	6.155	0.260	0.331
$\sqrt uPVS bifurcation points (n)$	[−0.184; 3.772]	[−0.676; 4.663]	[−2.072; 15.830]	[−2.112; 14.423]	[−0.983; 1.503]	[−0.944; 1.605]
$\sqrt uPVS crossing points (n)$	2.349	3.375	6.959	11.257	0.243	0.798
$\sqrt uPVS crossing points (n)$	[−0.368; 5.066]	[−0.420; 7.171]	[−5.477; 19.395]	[−0.451; 22.966]	[−1.467; 1.951]	[−1.042; 2.638]
$\sqrt uPVS vessel points (n)$	0.763	1.792	3.204	2.713	0.119	0.135
$\sqrt uPVS vessel points (n)$	[−0.092; 1.617]	[−0.363; 1.947]	[−0.649; 7.056]	[−0.854; 6.280]	[−0.417; 0.655]	[−0.413; 0.683]
$\sqrt Total length (mm)$	1.024	1.111	3.677	3.215	0.258	0.193
$\sqrt Total length (mm)$	[0.487; 2.000] ^*	[−0.260; 2.482]	[−0.758; 8.111]	[−1.043; 7.473]	[−0.358; 0.874]	[−0.461; 0.847]
$\sqrt Average thickness (mm)$	−45.271	−33.734	−235.663	−93.207	10.583	18.265
$\sqrt Average thickness (mm)$	[−158.894; 68.352]	[−206.222; 138.755]	[−747.501; 276.175]	[633.538; 447.124]	[−59.245; 80.411]	[−59.741; 96.271]l

Placenta-related complications	Estimated fetal weight second trimester		Estimated fetal weight third trimester		Birth weight percentiles
	Adjusted model		Adjusted model		Adjusted model
	β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]
Morphologic characteristic	With	Without	With	Without	With	Without
Morphologic characteristic	(n = 50)	(n = 148)	(n = 45)	(n = 148)	(n = 51)	(n = 146)
$\sqrt uPVS endpoints (n)$	4.259	1.967	16.548	6.035	−0.209	0.020
$\sqrt uPVS endpoints (n)$	[−0.900; 9.418]	[−0.718; 4.652]	[−5.147; 38.244]	[−2.178; 14.247]	[−2.830; 2.412]	[−1.183; 1.224]
$\sqrt uPVS bifurcation points (n)$	4.465	0.992	21.757	0.946	0.735	−0.071
$\sqrt uPVS bifurcation points (n)$	[0.810; 8.121] ^*	[−0.939; 2.923]	[6.853; 36.661] ^**	[−4.999; 6.891]	[−1.190; 2.660]	[−0.944; 0.802]
$\sqrt uPVS crossing points (n)$	6.993	1.663	27.395	1.099	0.743	0.047
$\sqrt uPVS crossing points (n)$	[1.491; 12.496] ^*	[−0.986; 4.312]	[3.117; 51.674] ^*	[−7.061; 9.258]	[−2.196; 3.683]	[−1.162; 1.256]
$\sqrt uPVS vessel points (n)$	1.852	0.375	9.414	0.586	0.348	−0.039
$\sqrt uPVS vessel points (n)$	[0.271; 0.432] ^*	[−0.458; 1.207]	[2.984; 15.844] ^**	[−1.972; 3.144]	[−0.479; 1.174]	[−0.413; 0.336]
$\sqrt Total length (mm)$	2.539	0.582	10.824	0.764	0.339	0.051
$\sqrt Total length (mm)$	[0.748; 4.331 ^**	[−0.395; 1.558]	[3.123; 18.525] ^**	[−2.241; 3.769]	[−0.641; 1.319]	[−0.390; 0.492]
$\sqrt Average thickness (mm)$	−90.068	−8.738	−515.893	154.427	−20.486	33.857
$\sqrt Average thickness (mm)$	[−295.575; 115.439]	[−131.113; 113.637]	[−1382.235; −350.449]	[−219.395; 528.249]	[−120.205; 79.233]	[−19.316; 87.030]

Depicted are adjusted estimates: adjusted for maternal age, parity, conception mode, BMI, smoking, and folic acid supplement use. Models for Estimated fetal weight (EFW) in the second and third trimesters are additionally adjusted for gestational age and fetal sex. Groups stratified for conception mode were not adjusted for conception mode. Groups stratified for fetal sex were not adjusted for fetal sex. Second trimester EFW was measured at 22 weeks gestational age (GA) and third trimester EFW was measured at 32 weeks GA. Placenta-related complications are specified as PIH or PE and/or FGR, PTB. uPVS, utero-placental vascular skeleton; GA, gestational age; PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; PE, preeclampsia; FGR, fetal growth restriction; PTB, pre-term birth (including both spontaneous and iatrogenic PTB); SGA, small-for-gestational-age. Bold text indicates a statistically significant association. Significance at

P ≤ 0.05,

^**

P ≤ 0.01.