. 2024 Mar 19;39(5):923–935. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deae056

Table 6.

Associations between first-trimester trajectories of density of vascular branching (number of uPVS points per cm³ uPVV) and second and third trimester of fetal growth, birthweight percentiles after stratification for conception method, fetal sex, and occurrence of placenta-related complications.

Conception method	Estimated fetal weight second trimester		Estimated fetal weight third trimester		Birth weight percentiles
	Adjusted model		Adjusted model
	β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]		Adjusted model β [95% CI]
Morphologic characteristic	IVF/ICSI	Natural	IVF/ICSI	Natural	IVF/ICSI	Natural
Morphologic characteristic	(n = 81)	(n = 117)	(n = 81)	(n = 112)	(n = 77)	(n = 120)
$\ln$ Density of endpoints ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	27.174	−27.897	−48.744	−150.942	−10.793	−25.548
$\ln$ Density of endpoints ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	[−23.516; 77.864]	[−53.137; −2.658]^*	[231.258; 133.769]	[−251.109; −50.776]^**	[−32.495; 10.910]	[−40.676; −10.420]^**
$\ln$ Density of bifurcation points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	50.927	−20.889	−95.358	−237.017	−20.691	−62.802
$\ln$ Density of bifurcation points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	[−48.784; 150.641]	[−67.410; 15.631]	[−455.878; 265.162]	[−418.023; −56.012]^*	[−62.420; 21.038]	[−88.457; −37.147]^**
$\ln$ Density of crossing points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	85.339	9.319	−110.353;	−183.700	−7.327	−68.725
$\ln$ Density of crossing points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	[−23.151; 193.830]	[−46.081; 64.720]	[485.160; 264.454]	[−397.124; 29.723]	[53.671; 39.017]	[100.127; −37.202]^**

Fetal sex	Estimated fetal weight second trimester		Estimated fetal weight third trimester		Birth weight percentiles
	Adjusted model		Adjusted model		Adjusted model
	β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]
Morphologic characteristics	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Morphologic characteristics	(n = 99)	(n = 97)	(n = 97)	(n = 94)	(n = 102)	(n = 95)
$\ln$ Density of endpoints ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	−29.912	27.572	−93.075	−114.636	−17.566	−27.255
$\ln$ Density of endpoints ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	[−57.883; −1.942]^*	[−13.833; 68.978]	[−221.651; 35.501]	[−241.440; 12.167]	[−35.086; −0.046]^*	[−45.234; −9.277]^**
$\ln$ Density of bifurcation points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	−47.632	46.894	−146.456	−202.562	−48.497	−57.449
$\ln$ Density of bifurcation points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	[−101.794; 7.070]	[−26.928; 120.716]	[−400.012; 107.100]	[−429.245; 24.120]	[−81.087; −15.908]^**	[−88.156; −26.742]^**
$\ln$ Density of crossing points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	−34.756	98.098	−208.955	−59.381	−52.002	−52.682
$\ln$ Density of crossing points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	[−99.947; 30.434]	[15.207; 180.989] ^*	[−498.120; 80.209]	[−325.765; 207.003]	[−90.449; −13.554]^**	[−90.611; −14.754]^**

Placenta-related complications	Estimated fetal weight second trimester		Estimated fetal weight third trimester		Birth weight percentiles
	Adjusted model		Adjusted model		Adjusted model
	β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]
Morphologic characteristics	With	Without	With	Without	With	Without
Morphologic characteristics	(n = 50)	(n = 148)	(n = 45)	(n = 148)	(n = 51)	(n = 146)
$\ln$ Density of endpoints ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	−63.850	10.410	−379.193	37.537	−35.546	−6.918
$\ln$ Density of endpoints ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	[−107.370; −20.330]^**	[−20.276; 41.089]	[−557.827; −200.559]^**	[−56.359; 131.433]	[−57.913; −13.178]^**	[−20.330; 6.494]
$\ln$ Density of bifurcation points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	−102.500	26.531	−455.436	3.097	−63.431	−31.574
$\ln$ Density of bifurcation points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	[−185.935; −19.110]^*	[−30.824; 83.885]	[−820.730; −90.142]^*	[−173.380; 179.575]	[−104.819; −22.042]^**	[−55.689; −7.458]^**
$\ln$ Density of crossing points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	−82.951	55.154	−327.953	−21.290	−63.556	−28.352
$\ln$ Density of crossing points ( $n / {cm}^{3})$	−196.213; 30.311]	[−8.231; 118.538]	[−808.706; 152.800]	[−206.993; 164.413]	[−114.917; −12.195]^*	[−56.111; −0.592]^*

Depicted are adjusted estimates: adjusted for maternal age, parity, conception mode, BMI, smoking, and folic acid supplement use. Models for estimated fetal weight (EFW) in the second and third trimester are additionally adjusted for gestational age and fetal sex. Groups stratified for conception mode were not adjusted for conception mode. Groups stratified for fetal sex were not adjusted for fetal sex. Second trimester EFW was measured at 22 weeks gestational age (GA) and third trimester EFW was measured at 32 weeks GA. Placenta-related complications are specified as PIH or PE and/or FGR, PTB and SGA; diagnoses may be overlapping. uPVS, utero-placental vascular skeleton; GA, gestational age; PIH, pregnancy-induced hypertension; PE, preeclampsia; FGR, fetal growth restriction; PTB, pre-term birth (including both spontaneous and iatrogenic PTB); SGA, small-for-gestational-age. Bold text indicates a statistically significant association. Significance at

P ≤ 0.05,

^**

P ≤ 0.01.