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. 2024 Apr 9;5(3):100626. doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100626

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© 2024 The Author(s)

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Histidine and isoleucine combination treatment is cytotoxic to PDAC cells with low side effects

(A) Area under the curve (AUC) and therapeutic index (TI) from amino acid cytotoxicity tests.

(B) pH change caused by amino acid addition with histidine (H) and isoleucine (I) exhibiting trivial impact to the medium.

(C and D) Viability dose response of individual H and I in the same cell lineage.

(E and F) Comparison of cell viability dose response between L and D form amino acids.

(G) Synergetic efficacy of combining H and I treatment on tumor cells.

(H) Cytotoxicity of H and I combined treatment. R, arginine; C, cysteine; Med, medium only; HPNE, hTert-HPNE (nonmalignant pancreas epithelial); MIA, MIA PaCa-2; and PANC, PANC-1 (malignant pancreas epithelial).