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. 2024 Apr 9;5(3):100626. doi: 10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100626

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Synergistic combination of amino acids and gemcitabine enhances cytotoxicity to PDAC cells

(A) Treatment efficacy comparison of AA and GEM. AA, histidine and isoleucine; GEM, gemcitabine.

(B) Adjuvant efficacy of combined AA + GEM treatment on tumor cells.

(C and D) Flow cytometric analyses with 7AAD/Apopxin/CytoCalcein-FITC assay for apoptosis and necrosis on tumor cells in different treatment conditions.

(E) Cell morphology changes upon AA treatment.

(F) Mitochondrial activity shifts due to AA treatment. HPNE, hTert-HPNE (nonmalignant pancreas epithelial); MIA, MIA PaCa-2 (malignant pancreas epithelial); NT, no treatment control; AA, histidine and isoleucine; GEM, gemcitabine. Error bars represent mean ± SEM; n.s., not significant; ∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, ∗∗∗p < 0.001.