Figure 7.

Impact and splashing of surfactant-free and surfactant-laden droplets onto Teflon, with a constant splashing ratio of β = 0.109 ± 0.002. Snapshot sequence capturing the initial 0.05 ms of splashing dynamics for (a) water, (b) Triton 1 CMC, and (c) Surfynol. The images in the first row captures the entire sequence of events from the moment a droplet impacts a surface, showing the splashing behavior until 0.20 ms, which fully illustrates the splashing phenomenon. Meanwhile, the second row of images depicts the initial stages of splashing, including the moment when the first fragment detaches from the main droplet, highlighting the behavior of the forming lamella.