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. 2024 May 2;24:518. doi: 10.1186/s12903-024-04252-3

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Methodological approach for studying cell proliferation in OSCC cells, with a focus on CAL27, conducted in three replicates. (A) Utilizing the CCK-8 assay, the influence of F. nucleatum and its supernatant on CAL27 cell proliferation was assessed. (B) Method to determine cell clone formation post-F. nucleatum intervention. (C) A 72-hour cocultivation followed by a cell counting procedure revealed an approximately 100% acceleration in cell growth, though the supernatant displayed negligible impact. (D) Control observation was employed to assess the proliferation effects of S. mutans on the cells, indicating no induction of cell proliferation. (E) Post-exposure effects of genistein on CAL27 cells in relation to (F) nucleatum was analyzed, highlighting genistein’s nullifying effects on F. nucleatum’s pro-proliferative attributes. F. A comparative cell cycle analysis encompassing the control, the F. nucleatum-treated, and the genistein-treated groups was performed, accompanied by statistical evaluations. (*, P<0.05; **, P<0.01; ***, P<0.001.)