Table 1.
Demographics, neuropsychological and language data for all groups
| HC ( n = 681) | SCD ( n = 104) | EMCI ( n = 290) | LMCI ( n = 589) | AD ( n = 348) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 304/377 | 42/62 | 161/129 | 362/227 | 196/152 | < . 001 | |
| Sex, M/F | ||||||
| Age, years | 72.8 ± 6.3c,e | 72.2 ± 5.6e | 71.3 ± 7.6a,d,e | 73.7 ± 7.6 c | 74.9 ± 7.9a,b,c | < . 001 |
| 55–90 | 60–90 | 55–89 | 54–91 | 55–91 | ||
| Education, years | 16.5 ± 2.6c,d,,e | 16.8 ± 2.5e | 16.0 ± 2.7a,e | 16.0 ± 2.8a,e | 15.3 ± 2.9a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| Global cognition / Severity | ||||||
| CDR | 0.0 ± 0.0c,d,e | 0.0 ± 0.0c,d,e | 0.5 ± 0.0a,b,e | 0.5 ± 0.0a,b,e | 0.8 ± 0.3a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| MoCA | 26.2 ± 2.4 (458)c,d,e | 25.7 ± 2.6 (102)c,d,e | 24.1 ± 3.0 (287)a,b,d,e | 22.5 ± 3.2 (234)a,b,c,e | 17.2 ± 4.5 (173)a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| MMSE | 29.1 ± 1.1c,d,e | 29.0 ± 1.2c,d,e | 28.4 ± 1.5a,b,d,e | 27.2 ± 1.8a,b,c,e | 23.2 ± 2.0a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| Episodic memory | ||||||
| RAVLTdeyaled recall (30 min.) | 8.2 ± 3.7 (649)c,d,e | 8.1 ± 3.6 (99)c,d,e | 6.5 ± 3.8 (259)a,b,d,e | 4.3 ± 3.2 (392)a,b,c,e | 2.5 ± 2.2 (96)a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| Logical memory, delayed recall | 13.3 ± 3.3 c,d,e | 13.2 ± 3.2c,d,e | 8.9 ± 1.6a,b,d,e | 3.9 ± 2.6a,b,c,e | 1.3 ± 1.8a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| Language | ||||||
| Object naming (BNT, 30-item) | 28.1 ± 2.1 (399)d,e | 28.4 ± 1.9d,e | 27.5 ± 2.6 (289)d,e | 25.7 ± 4.0 (509)a,b,c,e | 22.35 ± 5.9 (305)a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| Semantic fluency (animals) | 21.2 ± 5.6c,d,e | 20.0 ± 5.3d,e | 18.8 ± 5.1a,d,e | 16.5 ± 5.0a,b,c,e | 12.3 ± 5.0a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| Phonemic fluency (f- words) | 14.8 ± 4.7 (461)c,d,e | 14.1 ± 4.3 (103)e | 13.7 ± 4.8a,e | 13.7 ± 4.4 (237)a,e | 10.9 ± 4.5 (179)a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| Executive functioning | ||||||
| Trail making Part-A (seconds) | 32.9 ± 11.3d,e | 34.1 ± 36.8d,e | 36.8 ± 14.7d,e | 43.6 ± 21.5a,b,c,e | 63.6 ± 35.2 (344)a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| Trail making Part-B (seconds) | 78.3 ± 37.4 (678)c,d,e | 88.3 ± 45.7d,e | 97.9 ± 50.7 (286)a,d,e | 125.9 ± 71.8 (581)a,b,c,e | 196.0 ± 87.0 (315)a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| Visuospatial functioning | ||||||
| Copy of a clock | 4.7 ± 0.6 (680)d,e | 4.7 ± 0.6d,e | 4.6 ± 0.7d,e | 4.2 ± 1.0a,b,c,e | 3.4 ± 1.4 (347)a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| CSF biomarkers | ||||||
| Beta-amyloid (positive/negative) | 162/285 (447) | 30/63 (93) | 115/144 (259) | 263/101 (364) | 207/28 (235) | < . 001 |
| P-tau (positive/negative) | 129/313 (442) | 33/60 (93) | 93/166 (259) | 222/141 (363) | 191/43 (234) | < . 001 |
| Irregular word reading | ||||||
| AmNART (error score) | 9.1 ± 8.4c,d,e | 9.8 ± 7.7d,e | 12.0 ± 8.7a,e | 12.9 ± 9.3a,b,e | 16.5 ± 9.6a,b,c,d | < . 001 |
| 0–48 | 0–35 | 0–46 | 0–46 | 0–48 | ||
Note. Groups means +/- standard deviation results of demographic, cognitive and language characteristics. Numbers in brackets indicate numbers of participants with the score when less than total. Abbreviations: M: male, F: female, CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, CSF: cerebrospinal fluid, MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MMSE: Mini-Mental State Exam, AVLT: Auditory Verbal Learning Test (which includes a 30-minute delayed recall), BNT: Boston Naming Test, P-Tau: Phosphorylated tau, AmNART: American National Adult Reading Test
a: differed significantly from HC, b: differed significantly from SCD, c: differed significantly from EMCI, d: differed significantly from LMCI, e: differed significantly from AD