Table 4.
Comparison of different characteristics between MCI group and non-MCI group (Express as n (%) and mean ± SD)
| Components | Total | Non-MCI (n = 565) |
MCI (n = 245) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | ||||
| Gender, n (%) | 0.355 | |||
| Male | 390 (48.1) | 266 (47.1) | 124 (50.6) | |
| Female | 420 (51.9) | 299 (52.9) | 121 (49.4) | |
| Age, mean ± SD | 67.9 ± 4.7 | 67.6 ± 4.7 | 68.6 ± 4.7 | 0.003 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | 0.202 | |||
| Malay | 532 (65.7) | 379 (67.1) | 153 (62.4) | |
| Non-Malay | 278 (34.3) | 186 (32.9) | 92 (37.6) | |
| Marital Status, n (%) | 0.211 | |||
| Married | 599 (74.0) | 425 (75.2) | 174 (71.0) | |
| Non-Married | 211 (26.0) | 140 (24.8) | 71 (29.0) | |
| Education level, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Primary | 343 (42.3) | 204 (36.1) | 139 (56.7) | |
| Secondary | 349 (43.1) | 285 (50.4) | 64 (26.1) | |
| Tertiary | 37 (4.5) | 32 (5.7) | 5 (2.0) | |
| None | 81 (10.0) | 44 (7.8) | 37 (15.1) | |
| Education years, mean ± SD | 7.7 ± 4.2 | 8.2 ± 4.1 | 6.4 ± 4.1 | < 0.001 |
| Household income, mean ± SD | 1724.1 ± 2096.7 | 1908.5 ± 2293.9 | 1298.9 ± 1467.1 | < 0.001 |
| Anthropometry | ||||
| Fat percentage (%), mean ± SD | 38.2 ± 10.3 | 38.0 ± 10.2 | 38.5 ± 10.5 | 0.384 |
| Skeletal muscle mass, mean ± SD | 25.6 ± 10.4 | 26.1 ± 10.6 | 24.5 ± 10.0 | 0.045 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.6 ± 4.2 | 25.4 ± 4.0 | 26.1 ± 4.7 | 0.048 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), n (%) | 0.005 | |||
| < 18.5 | 22 (2.7) | 16 (2.8) | 6 (2.4) | |
| 18.5–24.9 | 350 (43.2) | 246 (43.5) | 104 (42.4) | |
| 25–29.9 | 336 (41.5) | 247 (43.7) | 89 (36.3) | |
| ≥ 30 | 102 (12.6) | 56 (9.9) | 46 (18.8) | |
| Self-reported medical history | ||||
| Hypertension1, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 302 (37.3) | 176 (31.2) | 126 (51.4) | |
| No | 508 (62.7) | 389 (68.8) | 119 (48.6) | |
| Diabetes1, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 163 (20.1) | 96 (17.0) | 67 (27.3) | |
| No | 647 (79.9) | 469 (83.0) | 178 (72.7) | |
| Hyperlipidemia1, n (%) | 0.115 | |||
| Yes | 256 (31.6) | 169 (29.9) | 87 (35.5) | |
| No | 554 (68.4) | 396 (70.1) | 158 (64.5) | |
| Lifestyles | ||||
| Smoking status1, n (%) | ||||
| Yes | 213 (26.3) | 138 (24.4) | 75 (30.6) | 0.066 |
| No | 597 (73.7) | 427 (75.6) | 170 (69.4) | |
| Social activity1, n (%) | 0.706 | |||
| No/seldom active | 65 (8.0) | 44 (7.8) | 21 (8.6) | |
| Active | 745 (92.0) | 521 (92.2) | 224 (91.4) | |
| Exercise1, n (%) | 0.224 | |||
| No | 389 (48.0) | 262 (46.4) | 127 (51.8) | |
| Seldom | 121 (14.9) | 90 (15.9) | 31 (12.7) | |
| Sometimes | 49 (6.0) | 39 (6.9) | 10 (4.1) | |
| Frequent | 97 (12.0) | 71 (12.6) | 26 (10.6) | |
| Very frequent | 154 (19.0) | 103 (18.2) | 51 (20.8) | |
| Psychosocial and functional status | ||||
| Depressive symptoms, n (%) | < 0.001 | |||
| No depressive symptoms | 747 (92.2) | 533 (94.3) | 214 (87.3) | |
| Depressive symptoms | 63 (7.8) | 32 (5.7) | 31 (12.7) | |
| Functional status, mean ± SD | 13.0 ± 1.5 | 13.1 ± 1.6 | 12.8 ± 1.4 | < 0.001 |
| Dietary | ||||
| MY-MINDD score, mean ± SD | 6.4 ± 1.6 | 6.6 ± 1.6 | 6.0 ± 1.7 | < 0.001 |
| Cognitive function | ||||
| M-MMSE | 24.7 ± 3.9 | 25.4 ± 4.1 | 23.1 ± 2.9 | < 0.001 |
| Digit span | 8.3 ± 2.4 | 8.4 ± 2.4 | 8.2 ± 2.4 | 0.144 |
| RAVLT | 4.1 ± 3.3 | 4.6 ± 3.5 | 2.9 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 |
| Digit symbol substitution | 5.6 ± 2.8 | 6.0 ± 2.8 | 4.7 ± 2.4 | < 0.001 |
| VR I | 25.2 ± 8.2 | 26.4 ± 8.2 | 22.4 ± 7.5 | < 0.001 |
| VR II | 17.3 ± 11.7 | 19.3 ± 11.7 | 12.9 ± 10.4 | < 0.001 |
Abbreviations MY-MINDD, Malaysian version of the MIND; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; M-MMSE, Malay version Mini-Mental State Examination; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; VR, Visual reproduction; 1self-reported