Table 3.

Broadening ethical frameworks

Suggestion III – Broadening ethical frameworks

On a theoretical level, clinical ethics will benefit from broadening ethical frameworks. In this vein, a 2019 special issue in the American Journal of Bioethics on intersectionality [69] and a 2022 special issue in Bioethics on racism [70] are promising. Moreover, new approaches in clinical ethics, such as the transformative justice approach by Campelia and colleagues [49], illustrate new developments which are sensitive to underlying power structures. In terms of the four principles, it has been argued that intersectionality may be included in the principle of justice [67] or added as a fifth principle [71]. We encourage clinical ethics consultants to follow these debates.