Table 2.

The components and behaviors for chronic dyspnea self-management.

Self-management components			Self-management behaviors
Pharmacological Interventions	Use of medication	Oxygen therapy [43]S; [44]S; [50]KS	Medication adherence
		Oral therapy (Antibiotics, Ibuprofen) [44]S; [50]K
		Inhalation therapy [43]S; [44]S; [47]S; [50]K
Non-pharmacological interventions	Educational programs	CDSMP [40]K,S; [49]K,S (exercise; use of cognitive symptom management techniques; nutrition; fatigue and sleep management; use of community resources; use of medications; dealing with the emotions of fear, anger, and depression; communication with others including health professionals; problem-solving; decision-making)	Recognition and monitoring of dyspnea; Actively seeking health information (health literacy); Smoking cessation/smoke-free environment; Medication adherence; Maintain a healthy lifestyle (sleep, physical activity, nutrition); Manage emotions; Care planning (avoid trigger factors); Incorporating breathing exercises into daily routine.
		Internet-based CDSMP [39]K,S; [48]K,S
		CDSMP + physical activity [42]K,S; [47]K,S
		The dyspnea self-management program [37]K,S
		The expert patients programme [41]K,S (causes of bronchiectasis, disease process, medical investigations, dealing with symptoms, airway clearance techniques, exacerbations, health promotion, and support available)
		Education-base intervention program [18]K,S: hospital education; home visits + education; telephone monitoring and guidance)
		Supervised exercise sessions [42]K,S
		Punctual Educational sessions activity [38]K,S
	Breathing exercises	Rest and catch breath activity [44]S	Incorporating breathing exercises into daily routine; Conserve energy
		Deep inspiration followed by prolonged expiration [44]S
		Positive expiratory pressure/physiotherapy [44]S
		Pursed-lips breathing [37]S
		Diaphragmatic breathing [37]S; [38]S
	Moisturize the mouth	Drink water [44]S	Avoiding oral dehydration; Care planning
	Body awareness	Exempt from physical activity [44]S	Recognition and monitoring of dyspnea
		Symptoms Monitoring [37]S (heart rate, dyspnoea, and oxygen saturation monitoring during exercise)
	Emotional intelligence	Emotional intelligence [45]S; [50]S	Manage emotions
	Web application	Mobile app “My Lung” [52]K,S (understanding about COPD and ways to avoid risk-related factors; self-monitor their symptoms and vitals, including peripheral capillary oxygen saturation)	Engage with digital health platforms; Actively seeking health information (health literacy); Recognition and monitoring of dyspnea; Measure SPO2; Care planning
		Mobile app “Prevexair” [51]S (recording daily symptoms)
		Internet-based breathlessness self-management intervention [53]S (“Self-Breathe”)
		Teleheath system after discharge [55]K,S

Note: CDSMP= chronic disease self-management program. SpO₂ = peripheral capillary oxygen saturation. Superscript K = empowering patients through knowledge. Superscript S = empowering patients through skills.