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. 2024 Mar 25;27(1):742. doi: 10.4081/ripppo.2024.742

Table 2.

Characteristics of the included studies.

Reference Aim of the study Measures used Sample size Main outcomes Country
Fox & Moore, 2021 Determine whether a musical stimulus can generate a positive mood positive and negative affect and identify personality traits involved in this process NEO five-factor inventory, chedule, and musicals stimulus 152 Both extraversion and neuroticism influence perceived well-being in music USA
Guo et al., 2020 Explore, during cold-induced pain, the efficacy of listening to sad music for analgesia and the role of musical emotional Sixteen personality factor questionnaire, musical stimulus, and EEG data 40 Liveliness as well as introverted and extroverted personality traits are associated with pain modulation when listening to sad music China
Hall et al., 2016 Investigate the influence of state and trait absorption upon music Listening appraisal questionnaire, absorption subdimension of the phenomenology of consciousness inventory, and modified Tellegen absorption scale 128 Trait absorption predicts individual preferences for music that evokes negative emotions, while state absorption is the primary driver of music enjoyment Australia
Hennessy et al., 2021 Explore how music is used to cope with stress, loss, and unease across the world during the COVID-19 pandemic Patient health questionnaire, state and trait anxiety index, emotion regulation quotient, interpersonal reactivity index, and brief music and mood regulation questionnaire 589 The relationship between negative music-related emotion regulation strategies -specifically, discharge of emotionsand improvements in well-being are moderated by trait differences in empathy of the participants Italy, India, UK, USA
Hilsdorf & Bullerjahn, 2021 Investigate whether negative affect modulation strategies explain differences in music choices Big five inventory 2, inventory for the assessment of activation and arousal modulation through music, and technology acceptance model 852 The tendency to modulate negative affect through music is positively influenced by openness and neuroticism Germany
Lyvers et al., 2020 Investigate individual differences in relation to the emotional response to music Geneva emotional music scale, interpersonal reactivity index, ten-item personality inventory, Toronto alexithymia scale, affect intensity measure, and musical stimulus 205 Empathy and alexithymia are significantly positively correlated with the emotional response to music Australia
Thoma et al., 2012 Explore how music induces specific emotional states in everyday situations Beck depression inventory, multidimensional mood state questionnaire, music preference questionnaire, inventory for regulation of emotion, and musical stimulus 89 People use music according to the principle of emotional congruency, which is mediate by two main emotional dimensions: valence and arou Switzerland d sal
Vuoskoski & Eerola, 2012 Investigate which subjective emotional dispositions are induced in listeners by music Big five inventory, interpersonal reactivity index, music-specific GEMS-9, and musical stimulus 148 Openness to experience and empathy are associated with a preference for sad music, as are the intensity of emotional responses induced by sad mus Finland ic

EEG, electroencephalogram; GEMS-9, Geneva emotional music scales-9.