Table 2.
Characteristics of the included studies.
Reference | Aim of the study | Measures used | Sample size | Main outcomes | Country |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fox & Moore, 2021 | Determine whether a musical stimulus can generate a positive mood positive and negative affect and identify personality traits involved in this process | NEO five-factor inventory, chedule, and musicals stimulus | 152 | Both extraversion and neuroticism influence perceived well-being in music | USA |
Guo et al., 2020 | Explore, during cold-induced pain, the efficacy of listening to sad music for analgesia and the role of musical emotional | Sixteen personality factor questionnaire, musical stimulus, and EEG data | 40 | Liveliness as well as introverted and extroverted personality traits are associated with pain modulation when listening to sad music | China |
Hall et al., 2016 | Investigate the influence of state and trait absorption upon music | Listening appraisal questionnaire, absorption subdimension of the phenomenology of consciousness inventory, and modified Tellegen absorption scale | 128 | Trait absorption predicts individual preferences for music that evokes negative emotions, while state absorption is the primary driver of music enjoyment | Australia |
Hennessy et al., 2021 | Explore how music is used to cope with stress, loss, and unease across the world during the COVID-19 pandemic | Patient health questionnaire, state and trait anxiety index, emotion regulation quotient, interpersonal reactivity index, and brief music and mood regulation questionnaire | 589 | The relationship between negative music-related emotion regulation strategies -specifically, discharge of emotionsand improvements in well-being are moderated by trait differences in empathy of the participants | Italy, India, UK, USA |
Hilsdorf & Bullerjahn, 2021 | Investigate whether negative affect modulation strategies explain differences in music choices | Big five inventory 2, inventory for the assessment of activation and arousal modulation through music, and technology acceptance model | 852 | The tendency to modulate negative affect through music is positively influenced by openness and neuroticism | Germany |
Lyvers et al., 2020 | Investigate individual differences in relation to the emotional response to music | Geneva emotional music scale, interpersonal reactivity index, ten-item personality inventory, Toronto alexithymia scale, affect intensity measure, and musical stimulus | 205 | Empathy and alexithymia are significantly positively correlated with the emotional response to music | Australia |
Thoma et al., 2012 | Explore how music induces specific emotional states in everyday situations | Beck depression inventory, multidimensional mood state questionnaire, music preference questionnaire, inventory for regulation of emotion, and musical stimulus | 89 | People use music according to the principle of emotional congruency, which is mediate by two main emotional dimensions: valence and arou | Switzerland d sal |
Vuoskoski & Eerola, 2012 | Investigate which subjective emotional dispositions are induced in listeners by music | Big five inventory, interpersonal reactivity index, music-specific GEMS-9, and musical stimulus | 148 | Openness to experience and empathy are associated with a preference for sad music, as are the intensity of emotional responses induced by sad mus | Finland ic |
EEG, electroencephalogram; GEMS-9, Geneva emotional music scales-9.