Table 3.

Neuropsychological battery results for monolingual/bilingual speakers by clinical variant

	bvFTD				nfvPPA				svPPA
	Monolingual (N = 101)	Bilingual (N = 25)	p	N (mono/bi)	Monolingual (N = 55)	Bilingual (N = 22)	p	N (mono/bi)	Monolingual (N =66)	Bilingual (N = 30)	p	N (mono/bi)
Age at Testing, mean (SD), y	61.5 (10.0)	65.6 (8.2)	0.038	-	68.3 (7.5)	67.5 (7.8)	0.693	-	63.3 (6.0)	65.7 (7.4)	0.137	-
MMSE (30)	23.0 (7.2)	23.9 (4.1)	0.689	98/23	25.1 (4.7)	25.3 (4.9)	0.889	54/21	23.1 (6.3)	21.7. (7.5)	0.230	66/29
GDS (30)	6.9 (5.9)	7.2 (7.6)	0.544	78/19	8.7 (6.9)	6.9 (5.2)	0.377	46/18	8.4 (6.2)	10.5 (8.2)	0.143	52/25
Episodic Memory
CVLT Trials 1–4 (36)	19.2 (8.1)	16.8 (6.7)	0.131	85/23	21.7 (6.2)	21.1 (6.7)	0.752	45/20	15.8 (7.3)	16.2 (6.7)	0.912	57/25
CVLT 10 min (9)	3.3 (2.8)	2.5 (2.3)	0.193	83/23	5.6 (2.3)	5.2 (2.8)	0.812	45/20	1.9 (2.4)	1.6 (2.5)	0.367	57/25
Rey recall (17)	7.0 (4.6)	5.4 (4.0)	0.137	95/24	10.0 (3.6)	9.9 (3.0)	0.854	53/21	6.3 (4.5)	6.9 (4.5)	0.499	62/30
Speech and Language
Sentence repetition (5)	4.3 (1.0)	3.5 (1.5)	0.003	86/20	2.7 (1.5)	3.0 (1.9)	0.919	46/20	3.6 (1.4)	3.5 (1.4)	0.686	54/27
Animal fluency	10.9 (6.8)	8.6 (4.3)	0.112	90/22	11.6 (7.0)	10.2 (6.0)	0.287	51/21	7.7 (4.6)	10.5 (8.2)	0.082	62/26
BNT (15)	12.4 (3.9)	9.3 (3.7)	<.001	91/23	12.3 (2.9)	11.7 (3.6)	0.292	55/21	4.7 (3.7)	5.3 (4.4)	0.919	62/28
Sentence comprehension (5)	3.8 (1.5)	3.8 (1.1)	0.646	84/20	3.9 (1.1)	4.3 (1.0)	0.223	46/20	4.5 (1.0)	4.0 (1.2)	0.049	52/27
Verbal agility (6)	5.0 (1.6)	5.1 (1.3)	0.695	80/20	2.5 (1.5)	2.9 (1.6)	0.716	44/20	5.1 (1.3)	5.2 (0.9)	0.873	50/27
PPVT (16)	13.8 (3.1)	11.8 (3.3)	0.004	81/17	14.4 (1.8)	14.1 (2.6)	0.396	48/20	8.2 (3.9)	9.1 (4.6)	0.730	51/24
Irregular word reading (6)	5.6 (1.2)	5.0 (1.8)	0.012	83/20	5.5 (0.7)	5.1 (1.5)	0.115	43/19	4.5 (1.4)	4.6 (1.3)	0.796	50/26
Visuospatial
VOSP (10)	8.3 (1.9)	7.6 (1.7)	0.055	84/22	8.7 (1.5)	7.8 (2.3)	0.041	52/19	9.0 (1.7)	8.8 (1.6)	0.763	55/29
Rey copy (17)	13.9 (3.0)	14.8 (1.5)	0.231	95/24	14.4 (2.3)	14.1 (2.4)	0.486	54/20	15.3 (1.5)	15.5 (0.9)	0.741	64/30
Calculations (5)	3.7 (1.4)	4.0 (1.1)	0.433	95/23	4.1 (1.3)	4.0 (1.0)	0.502	55/21	4.2 (1.3)	4.4 (0.6)	0.672	65/28
Frontal/Executive
Digits Forward	5.8 (1.5)	5.4 (1.0)	0.219	73/18	5.1 (1.4)	5.2 (1.5)	0.928	39/19	6.2 (1.5)	6.6 (1.9)	0.656	38/23
Digits Backward	3.6 (1.5)	3.8 (1.3)	0.662	73/24	3.2 (1.4)	3.7 (1.2)	0.181	51/21	4.8 (1.5)	5.0 (1.5)	0.726	63/27
D words	7.3 (4.7)	7.2 (4.7)	0.481	88/22	6.0 (4.2)	5.0 (2.8)	0.221	51/21	7.4 (4.5)	7.5 (4.9)	0.816	62/27
Trails (lines/sec)	0.3 (0.2)	0.2 (0.2)	0.211	78/22	0.2 (0.2)	0.3 (0.2)	0.518	50/20	0.3 (0.2)	0.4 (0.3)	0.279	57/25
Design Fluency	5.3 (3.9)	5.2 (3.2)	0.572	85/23	5.6 (2.9)	7.2 (3.8)	0.105	52/21	7.3 (3.5)	7.5 (3.6)	0.889	52/26
Stroop color naming	61.2 (22.0)	55.3 (20.3)	0.265	69/17	42.8 (16.9)	39.8 (21.1)	0.579	41/16	68.2 (19.2)	62.8 (28.3)	0.171	37/23
Stroop inhibition	31.9 (18.4)	25.6 (15.6)	0.175	75/19	24.8 (13.5)	23.1 (12.3)	0.496	44/16	37.1 (13.8)	35.8 (20.5)	0.605	50/24
Abstraction (6)	1.9 (1.4)	2.3 (1.8)	0.658	61/11	2.9 (1.6)	3.1 (1.6)	0.971	37/13	1.9 (1.3)	1.9 (1.8)	0.652	44/15

Abbreviations: BNT = Boston Naming Test, CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test, GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale, MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination, PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, VOSP = Visual Object and Space Perception battery, mono = monolingual, bi = bilingual.

^*Note. Results derived from ANCOVAs (covariates = age and education). Red denotes significance with Bonferroni correction applied within each cognitive domain. These measures are derived from a neuropsychological battery described further in Kramer, et al..³⁵