Fig. 3. Contribution of Internet network components to the life cycle environmental impacts of digital content consumption under three electricity mixes used to power end-user devices.

a Norwegian electricity mix, b global average electricity mix, and c Indian electricity mix. These mixes were chosen to represent a very low (Norway), average (World), and very high (India) GHG emission intensity of electricity. Operation refers to impacts from the consumption of electricity in the use stage, while embodied refers to impacts from raw materials extraction, manufacturing, distribution, and end-of-life management. Overall, the impact embodied in the end-user devices generally dominates the total impacts. CPE: customer premise equipment.