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. 2024 Mar 18;20(5):549–572. doi: 10.1038/s44320-024-00030-z

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ applies to the data associated with this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data, but does not extend to the graphical or creative elements of illustrations, charts, or figures. This waiver removes legal barriers to the re-use and mining of research data. According to standard scholarly practice, it is recommended to provide appropriate citation and attribution whenever technically possible.

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(A–D) Percentage of heterodimers (A), one of the homodimers (B), total activity (C), and fitness (D) as a function of the ratio of synthesis rates and differences between ΔΔG_bind,AB and ΔΔG_bind,AA. (A–D) s_A, ΔΔG_bind,AA, and ΔΔG_bind,BB remain constant throughout. Changes in the y-axis indicate changes in ΔΔG_bind,AB, with all three values (ΔΔG_bind,AA, ΔΔG_bind,AB, ΔΔG_bind,BB) being identical at zero. (E) Percentages of heterodimers at the end of parametric simulations allowing changes in synthesis rates and varying mean effects of mutations on homodimers. (F) Percentages of heterodimers and each of the two homodimers for each of the 104 tested structures when simulations include different probabilities of mutations affecting synthesis rates. The two homodimers were distinguished based on their abundance, such that high HM refers to the one with the higher concentration and low HM to the one with a lower concentration.