Table.
Summary of Bioactive Agents Commonly Incorporated into Dental Resins and Their Corresponding Features.
| Incorporated agent | Parent Material | Main Findings on Physical and Chemical Properties | Main Results on Biological Properties | Author, Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) | Surface prereacted glass-ionomer (SPRG)–filled resin composite | The addition of MPC decreased the flexural strength and wettability properties. The addition of MPC decreased the release of ions. |
The addition of MPC improved acid-neutralizing effects. The addition of MPC reduced the adsorbed bovine serum albumin and proteins. Adding MPC reduced the attachment of Streptococcus mutans, Actinomyces naeslundii, Veillonella parvula, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. |
(Lee et al. 2019) |
| Amoxicillin-loaded microspheres | Endodontic resin sealers | The microsphere addition did not jeopardize the physical and chemical properties of the sealer. | The microspheres have reduced the viability of Enterococcus faecalis. | (Dornelles et al. 2018) |
| Amphiphilic peptoids | Pretreatment of carious dentin | — | A class of peptide-like polymers that enhanced the ordering and mineralization of collagen and induced functional remineralization of dentin lesions. | (Chien et al. 2017) |
| Bioactive glass and MPC | Resin-based sealant | Adding bioactive glass and MPC increased the wettability, water sorption, solubility, viscosity, and release of multiple ions. The addition of bioactive glass and MPC did not change the flexural strength. |
The addition of bioactive glass and MPC reduced protein and bacteria adhesion and suppressed multispecies biofilm attachment. | (Lee, Kim, et al. 2020) |
| Ciprofloxacin-loaded silver nanoparticles (CIP-AgNPs) | Resin composite | The CIP-AgNP group has higher compressive strength than the control groups (unmodified resin composites and AgNP-resin composites). | The CIP-AgNP group showed higher antibacterial activity compared to the control groups. The CIP-AgNP group showed lower cytotoxicity compared to AgNP-resin composites. |
(Arif et al. 2022) |
| Dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) and nanosized amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) | Resin composite | DMAHDM and NACP addition decreased the surface-free energy of the resin composites. | DMAHDM and NACP addition provided antibacterial activity against bacteria from the subgingival margin. | (Balhaddad et al. 2021) |
| DMAHDM, MPC, and nanoparticles of calcium fluoride (nCaF2) | Resin composite | The addition of nCaF2 + DMAHDM + MPC decreased the flexural strength and elastic modulus. The addition of nCaF2 + DMAHDM did not change the flexural strength and elastic modulus. |
The addition of nCaF2 + DMAHDM + MPC decreased the biofilm formation. The addition of nCaF2 + DMAHDM + MPC improved the ion release. The addition of nCaF2 + DMAHDM decreased biofilm formation compared to the control group. |
(Mitwalli et al. 2020) |
| Indomethacin- and triclosan-loaded nanocapsules (NCs) | Primer Adhesive resin |
The higher the concentration of NCs, the lower the microtensile bond strength after aging. Adding up to 5 wt.% of NCs in the adhesive and no addition in the primer showed the best physical and chemical properties. |
These NCs had shown substantial antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. | (Genari et al. 2018) |
| Micrometer-sized particles of Bioglass 45S5 (BAG) or fluoride-containing phosphate-rich bioactive glass (BAG-F) | Adhesive resin | — | The addition of BAG-F showed the most significant remineralizing effect on the stiffness of the completely demineralized dentin. BAG-F showed a better ability to decrease enzyme activity compared to BAG particles. |
(Tezvergil-Mutluay et al. 2011) |
| NACP | Adhesive resin | — | Adding NACP in the adhesive neutralized the acids, increased the pH to above 5, and released large amounts of calcium and phosphorus ions. Adding NACP in the adhesive decreased lactic acid production, inhibited dentin demineralization, and sustained the dentin hardness in the S. mutans biofilm-challenged environment. |
(Yu et al. 2021) |
| Nanostructured zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) | Adhesive resin | The higher the ZrO2 content, the higher the softening after immersion in a solvent. The addition of ZrO2 did not change the microtensile bond strength. Adding a small concentration (1%) increased the degree of conversion. |
ZrO2 promoted mineral deposition. | (Provenzi et al. 2018) |
| Nano-zinc oxide (ZnONP) | Adhesive resin | Up to 7.5 wt.%, the adhesives’ properties were still according to ISO recommendations despite this concentration changing the physicochemical performance of the adhesives. | Adding ZnONP at a high concentration (7.5 wt.%) reduced the viability of bacteria in microcosms derived from saliva. | (Garcia et al. 2021) |
| Peptides | Adhesive resin | The peptide addition did not change the adhesive resin’s conversion degree. | The addition of some specific peptides induced a “peptide-mediated remineralization process.” The peptide’s addition provided an antibacterial activity to the adhesive. |
(Yuca et al. 2021) |
| Piezoelectric nanoparticles of barium titanate (BaTiO3) | Resin composite | Adding BaTiO3 did not change the microtensile bond strength in simultaneous attacks from bacteria and cyclic mechanical loading operating in synergy. | The addition of BaTiO3 provided antibacterial activity and mineral deposition. | (Montoya et al. 2021) |
| Quantum dots of tantalum oxide with an imidazolium ionic liquid (Ta2O5QDS) | Adhesive resin | The addition of Ta2O5QDS maintained the degree of conversion of the adhesive resin. | Ta2O5QDS provided substantial antibacterial activity against S. mutans biofilms. | (Garcia et al. 2020) |
| Quaternary ammonium methacrylates (QAMs) with various alkyl chain lengths (CLs) | Adhesive resin | Adding the QAMs with different CLs did not affect the microtensile bond strength. | The higher the CL, the higher the antibacterial activity. The adhesives with QAMs did not affect the viability of human gingival fibroblasts or odontoblast-like MDPC-23 mouse cells. |
(Li et al. 2013) |
| Quaternary ammonium polyethyleneimine (QPEI) nanoparticles | Resin composite | The addition of QPEI nanoparticles did not affect the degree of conversion and shear bond strength. | The addition of QPEI nanoparticles did not change the viability of mammalian cells. The addition of QPEI nanoparticles provided an antibacterial activity to the resins. |
(Zaltsman et al. 2017) |
| Tetrafunctional methacrylate quaternary ammonium salt monomer (TMQA) | Resin composite | The composites with TMQA showed a similar degree of conversion and contact angle compared to the control. The addition of TMQA reduced the water sorption and solubility and increased the crosslink density. |
The addition of TMQA provided antibacterial activity against S. mutans. | (Wang et al. 2019) |
| Titanium dioxide nanotubes (nt-TiO2) or titanium dioxide nanotubes with triazine-methacrylate monomer (nt-TiO2:TAT) | Adhesive resin | The addition of nanotubes decreased the softening after immersion in a solvent. The addition of nanotubes increased the Knoop hardness. The groups with nanotubes showed higher microtensile bond strength after aging compared to the control group. |
The addition of the nanotubes maintained high cell viability. The addition of nt-TiO2:TAT displays antibacterial activity. |
(Stürmer et al. 2021) |
| Zinc oxide and copper nanoparticles (ZnO/CuNP) | Adhesive resin | The addition of ZnO/CuNP decreased the nanoleakage. Adding ZnO/CuNP maintained the ultimate tensile strength, degree of conversion, and microtensile bond strength or improved these properties depending on the adhesive added. |
ZnO/CuNP demonstrated anti–matrix metalloproteinase activity. The addition of ZnO/CuNP provided antibacterial activity against S. mutans strains. |
(Gutiérrez et al. 2019) |
| Zinc oxide quantum dots (ZnOQDs) | Adhesive resin | ZnOQDs were tested for physical and chemical properties in the previous study published on this subject. | ZnOQDs provided antibacterial activity against S. mutans, with no change in biocompatibility. | (Garcia et al. 2018) |
| Zinc-doped phosphate-based glass (Zn-PBG) | Flowable resin composite | The flexural strength of the control was significantly higher than those of Zn-PBG samples. The higher the Zn-PBG content, the lower the microhardness. |
The higher the Zn-PBG content, the higher the release of phosphorus, calcium, sodium, and zinc ions. The higher the Zn-PBG content, the higher the antibacterial activity against S. mutans. |
(Lee, Seo, et al. 2020) |
| Zinc oxide (ZnO) or zinc chloride (ZnCl2) | Adhesive resin | — | ZnO-doped adhesives induced calcium and phosphorus deposition. ZnCl2-doped adhesives induced mineral deposition in a more amorphous phase than ZnO-doped adhesives. |
(Osorio et al. 2014) |
The agents and their features are listed in alphabetical order for easy reference. Antibacterial methacrylate molecules, remineralization bioglasses, and dual-function oxides are the most frequently studied additives.