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. 2024 Apr 16;10(9):e29566. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29566

Table 3.

Frontier molecular orbital properties of 4,5-bis [(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-1H,1′H-2,2′-biimidazole in gas phase, water and chloroform.

Property Gas Water Chloroform
ԑHOMO −4.9965 −5.1132 −5.0667
ԑLUMO −1.8438 −1.9437 −1.9023
Energy gap ΔE 3.1527 3.1695 3.1644
Ionisation energy (I = ԑHOMO = -HOMO) 4.9965 5.1132 5.0667
Electron Affinity (A = ԑLUMO = -LUMO) 1.8438 1.9437 1.9023
Global hardness (Ƞ = (I-A)/2) 1.5763 1.5847 1.5822
Global softness (S = 1/Ƞ) 0.6343 0.6310 0.6320
Chemical Potential (μ = -(I + A)/2) −3.4201 −3.5284 −3.4845
Electronegativity (χ = -μ) 3.4201 3.5284 3.4845
Electrophilicity index (ω = μ2/2Ƞ) 3.0363 3.1408 3.0992
Nucleophilicity index (N = 1/ω) 0.3293 0.3183 0.3226
Electronaccepting powsr (ω+ = A2/2(I-A) 0.2924 0.3066 0.3005
Electrondonating power (ω+ = I2/2(I-A) 0.7924 0.8066 0.8005