Table 2.
National trends in the prevalence of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis among individuals with obesity and difference of β–coefficients between before and during the COVID–19 pandemic (weighted % [95 % CI]) based on data obtained from the KNHANES.
| Year |
Before the pandemic |
During the pandemic |
Trends before the pandemic era, β (95 % CI) |
Trends during the pandemic era, β (95 % CI) |
βdiff between 2005–2019 and 2019–2021 (95 % CI) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005–2009 |
2010–2012 |
2013–2016 |
2017–2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
|||||||
| Asthma | β (95 % CI) | P-value | β (95 % CI) | P-value | βdiff (95 % CI) | P-value | ||||||
| Overall | 3.00 (2.67–3.32) | 3.41 (2.94–3.89) | 3.00 (2.66–3.33) | 3.09 (2.70–3.48) | 3.27 (2.54–3.99) | 3.31 (2.56–4.05) | −0.010 (−0.170 to 0.150) | 0.899 | 0.103 (−0.323 to 0.529) | 0.635 | 0.113 (−0.341 to 0.568) | 0.625 |
| Age group | ||||||||||||
| 2–18 | 3.42 (2.12–4.71) | 6.81 (4.47–9.14) | 4.61 (2.95–6.26) | 3.75 (1.91–5.59) | 4.95 (1.67–8.24) | 4.71 (0.00–9.53) | 0.055 (−0.654 to 0.765) | 0.879 | 0.432 (−2.242 to 3.107) | 0.751 | 0.377 (−2.390 to 3.144) | 0.789 |
| 19–39 | 1.92 (1.35–2.50) | 3.03 (2.18–3.88) | 3.02 (2.31–3.74) | 4.05 (3.13–4.97) | 4.25 (2.57–5.92) | 3.12 (1.49–4.75) | 0.629 (0.299 to 0.958) | <0.001 | −0.508 (−1.468 to 0.452) | 0.299 | −1.137 (–2.151 to –0.122) | 0.028 |
| 40–59 | 2.36 (1.90–2.81) | 2.23 (1.64–2.83) | 1.78 (1.37–2.19) | 1.71 (1.27–2.15) | 2.18 (1.16–3.19) | 2.52 (1.52–3.52) | −0.245 (–0.450 to –0.040) | 0.019 | 0.401 (−0.167 to 0.968) | 0.167 | 0.645 (0.042 to 1.249) | 0.036 |
| ≥60 | 6.04 (5.20–6.88) | 5.36 (4.42–6.31) | 4.71 (3.99–5.43) | 4.03 (3.30–4.76) | 3.51 (2.37–4.65) | 4.30 (3.13–5.47) | −0.668 (–1.024 to –0.313) | <0.001 | 0.185 (−0.530 to 0.899) | 0.612 | 0.853 (0.055 to 1.651) | 0.036 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 2.31 (1.91–2.72) | 2.95 (2.35–3.56) | 2.24 (1.81–2.66) | 2.93 (2.40–3.45) | 3.43 (2.44–4.41) | 2.76 (1.78–3.75) | 0.096 (−0.111 to 0.303) | 0.362 | −0.122 (−0.697 to 0.453) | 0.678 | −0.218 (−0.829 to 0.393) | 0.484 |
| Female | 3.85 (3.33–4.37) | 3.99 (3.29–4.69) | 4.01 (3.49–4.53) | 3.33 (2.77–3.88) | 3.03 (2.04–4.02) | 4.12 (3.03–5.20) | −0.119 (−0.362 to 0.124) | 0.337 | 0.436 (−0.189 to 1.062) | 0.171 | 0.556 (−0.115 to 1.227) | 0.105 |
| Region of residence | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 2.86 (2.49–3.24) | 3.61 (3.04–4.18) | 3.00 (2.62–3.38) | 3.00 (2.59–3.42) | 3.24 (2.43–4.05) | 3.37 (2.52–4.23) | −0.006 (−0.186 to 0.174) | 0.948 | 0.180 (−0.303 to 0.663) | 0.464 | 0.186 (−0.329 to 0.702) | 0.479 |
| Rural | 3.53 (2.90–4.17) | 2.66 (1.94–3.39) | 2.98 (2.31–3.66) | 3.53 (2.53–4.53) | 3.41 (1.91–4.90) | 2.99 (1.67–4.30) | −0.027 (−0.378 to 0.325) | 0.882 | −0.281 (−1.114 to 0.552) | 0.508 | −0.254 (−1.158 to 0.649) | 0.581 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| High school or lower education | 3.48 (3.10–3.87) | 3.80 (3.20–4.39) | 3.61 (3.14–4.08) | 3.07 (2.57–3.56) | 3.99 (2.90–5.09) | 3.68 (2.67–4.68) | −0.101 (−0.301 to 0.098) | 0.319 | 0.270 (−0.299 to 0.839) | 0.352 | 0.371 (−0.232 to 0.974) | 0.228 |
| College or higher education | 1.99 (1.44–2.53) | 2.79 (2.07–3.52) | 2.75 (2.14–3.35) | 3.35 (2.68–4.02) | 3.09 (1.96–4.21) | 3.34 (2.10–4.57) | 0.402 (0.128 to 0.677) | 0.004 | 0.012 (−0.712 to 0.735) | 0.975 | −0.391 (−1.165 to 0.383) | 0.323 |
| Household income | ||||||||||||
| Lowest and second quartile | 3.85 (3.31–4.39) | 4.01 (3.35–4.67) | 3.33 (2.81–3.85) | 3.33 (2.76–3.90) | 4.15 (2.96–5.34) | 3.77 (2.68–4.86) | −0.230 (−0.480 to 0.020) | 0.072 | 0.190 (−0.434 to 0.815) | 0.549 | 0.420 (−0.252 to 1.092) | 0.221 |
| Third and highest quartile | 2.36 (1.97–2.76) | 2.95 (2.30–3.61) | 2.76 (2.31–3.22) | 2.93 (2.43–3.44) | 2.76 (1.92–3.60) | 3.03 (2.00–4.05) | 0.158 (−0.046 to 0.362) | 0.128 | 0.064 (−0.526 to 0.654) | 0.831 | −0.094 (−0.718 to 0.530) | 0.767 |
|
Atopic dermatitis | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 3.84 (3.46–4.23) | 2.84 (2.40–3.28) | 3.30 (2.93–3.66) | 3.76 (3.28–4.24) | 4.00 (3.23–4.77) | 4.40 (3.43–5.38) | −0.019 (−0.208 to 0.170) | 0.842 | 0.328 (−0.228 to 0.883) | 0.248 | 0.347 (−0.240 to 0.934) | 0.247 |
| Age group | ||||||||||||
| 2–18 | 9.34 (7.08–11.61) | 9.43 (6.71–12.16) | 14.74 (12.01–17.47) | 15.94 (12.45–19.43) | 13.49 (8.62–18.36) | 17.10 (9.10–25.10) | 2.514 (1.258 to 3.769) | <0.001 | 0.777 (−3.829 to 5.384) | 0.741 | −1.736 (−6.511 to 3.038) | 0.476 |
| 19–39 | 5.17 (4.34–6.01) | 4.95 (3.74–6.16) | 5.67 (4.74–6.60) | 7.29 (6.04–8.54) | 7.97 (6.02–9.91) | 9.53 (6.91–12.15) | 0.630 (0.173 to 1.086) | 0.007 | 1.150 (−0.348 to 2.648) | 0.132 | 0.521 (−1.045 to 2.086) | 0.515 |
| 40–59 | 2.66 (2.21–3.12) | 1.32 (0.86–1.77) | 1.13 (0.79–1.47) | 1.37 (0.97–1.77) | 1.94 (0.98–2.89) | 1.52 (0.73–2.30) | −0.458 (–0.648 to –0.268) | <0.001 | 0.048 (−0.404 to 0.500) | 0.835 | 0.506 (0.015 to 0.996) | 0.043 |
| ≥60 | 2.24 (1.72–2.76) | 0.86 (0.51–1.21) | 1.40 (1.02–1.78) | 1.23 (0.82–1.63) | 1.01 (0.42–1.59) | 0.75 (0.31–1.19) | −0.253 (–0.454 to –0.052) | 0.014 | −0.240 (−0.543 to 0.063) | 0.121 | 0.013 (−0.351 to 0.377) | 0.944 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 3.69 (3.14–4.25) | 3.14 (2.47–3.81) | 3.71 (3.16–4.25) | 4.26 (3.57–4.95) | 4.11 (3.06–5.16) | 4.58 (3.24–5.93) | 0.199 (−0.074 to 0.473) | 0.153 | 0.186 (−0.585 to 0.958) | 0.636 | −0.013 (−0.831 to 0.805) | 0.975 |
| Female | 4.03 (3.48–4.58) | 2.46 (1.92–3.00) | 2.75 (2.28–3.23) | 3.06 (2.45–3.66) | 3.84 (2.53–5.16) | 4.13 (2.73–5.54) | −0.322 (–0.575 to –0.068) | 0.013 | 0.524 (−0.264 to 1.311) | 0.192 | 0.846 (0.018 to 1.673) | 0.045 |
| Region of residence | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 4.05 (3.60–4.50) | 3.06 (2.54–3.59) | 3.43 (3.01–3.85) | 4.05 (3.51–4.59) | 4.34 (3.46–5.22) | 4.55 (3.48–5.62) | −0.005 (−0.222 to 0.212) | 0.961 | 0.250 (−0.363 to 0.863) | 0.424 | 0.255 (−0.395 to 0.905) | 0.442 |
| Rural | 3.02 (2.30–3.75) | 1.97 (1.22–2.72) | 2.71 (1.99–3.44) | 2.29 (1.46–3.12) | 2.15 (0.84–3.46) | 3.68 (1.43–5.92) | −0.150 (−0.489 to 0.190) | 0.388 | 0.752 (−0.510 to 2.013) | 0.243 | 0.901 (−0.405 to 2.208) | 0.176 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| High school or lower education | 3.41 (2.98–3.84) | 2.14 (1.70–2.58) | 2.59 (2.19–2.99) | 3.03 (2.49–3.56) | 3.03 (2.12–3.94) | 3.25 (2.13–4.37) | −0.147 (−0.355 to 0.062) | 0.168 | 0.117 (−0.528 to 0.763) | 0.722 | 0.264 (−0.414 to 0.942) | 0.446 |
| College or higher education | 4.42 (3.66–5.19) | 4.03 (3.06–5.00) | 4.82 (4.00–5.63) | 4.86 (4.04–5.68) | 5.33 (3.95–6.72) | 6.03 (4.31–7.74) | 0.211 (−0.148 to 0.569) | 0.249 | 0.590 (−0.387 to 1.568) | 0.236 | 0.380 (−0.661 to 1.421) | 0.475 |
| Household income | ||||||||||||
| Lowest and second quartile | 3.64 (3.10–4.17) | 2.64 (1.97–3.31) | 2.97 (2.44–3.49) | 3.46 (2.83–4.09) | 3.51 (2.31–4.70) | 3.82 (2.55–5.08) | −0.067 (−0.327 to 0.193) | 0.615 | 0.185 (−0.550 to 0.920) | 0.621 | 0.252 (−0.528 to 1.031) | 0.526 |
| Third and highest quartile | 4.00 (3.45–4.55) | 2.99 (2.38–3.60) | 3.54 (3.02–4.05) | 3.96 (3.32–4.61) | 4.29 (3.26–5.32) | 4.76 (3.35–6.17) | 0.008 (−0.254 to 0.271) | 0.950 | 0.404 (−0.395 to 1.204) | 0.321 | 0.396 (−0.446 to 1.237) | 0.356 |
|
Allergic rhinitis | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 9.73 (9.05–10.40) | N/A | 12.89 (12.18–13.61) | 14.19 (13.38–15.00) | 14.81 (13.44–16.19) | 16.42 (14.75–18.10) | 2.461 (2.131 to 2.790) | <0.001 | 1.146 (0.191 to 2.102) | 0.019 | −1.314 (–2.325 to –0.304) | 0.011 |
| Age group | ||||||||||||
| 2–18 | N/A | N/A | 23.45 (19.95–26.96) | 26.17 (21.68–30.67) | 26.00 (19.71–32.29) | 30.48 (20.24–40.71) | 2.717 (−2.969 to 8.404) | 0.349 | 2.303 (−3.450 to 8.056) | 0.432 | −0.414 (−8.503 to 7.675) | 0.920 |
| 19–39 | 15.70 (14.31–17.10) | N/A | 18.80 (17.24–20.37) | 21.28 (19.40–23.16) | 20.36 (16.96–23.77) | 23.05 (19.38–26.72) | 3.067 (2.344 to 3.790) | <0.001 | 1.003 (−1.095 to 3.101) | 0.348 | −2.064 (−4.283 to 0.155) | 0.068 |
| 40–59 | 8.95 (8.04–9.86) | N/A | 11.19 (10.19–12.19) | 12.62 (11.52–13.71) | 14.83 (12.66–17.01) | 15.57 (13.15–17.99) | 2.051 (1.609 to 2.493) | <0.001 | 1.438 (0.065 to 2.811) | 0.040 | −0.613 (−2.055 to 0.829) | 0.405 |
| ≥60 | 4.64 (3.87–5.41) | N/A | 5.95 (5.18–6.72) | 6.55 (5.71–7.39) | 6.65 (5.23–8.08) | 8.27 (6.50–10.04) | 1.173 (0.820 to 1.526) | <0.001 | 0.918 (−0.097 to 1.934) | 0.076 | −0.254 (−1.329 to 0.821) | 0.643 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 9.30 (8.40–10.20) | N/A | 12.46 (11.47–13.46) | 13.68 (12.60–14.76) | 13.93 (12.22–15.65) | 16.90 (14.70–19.09) | 2.427 (1.988 to 2.865) | <0.001 | 1.701 (0.438 to 2.963) | 0.008 | −0.726 (−2.062 to 0.610) | 0.287 |
| Female | 10.25 (9.33–11.17) | N/A | 13.47 (12.52–14.41) | 14.91 (13.75–16.08) | 16.14 (14.00–18.27) | 15.71 (13.67–17.75) | 2.524 (2.071 to 2.977) | <0.001 | 0.353 (−0.851 to 1.557) | 0.565 | −2.171 (–3.457 to –0.885) | 0.001 |
| Region of residence | ||||||||||||
| Urban | 10.24 (9.47–11.02) | N/A | 13.61 (12.81–14.42) | 14.60 (13.70–15.50) | 15.20 (13.65–16.75) | 17.65 (15.83–19.46) | 2.514 (2.139 to 2.888) | <0.001 | 1.581 (0.533 to 2.629) | 0.003 | −0.933 (−2.046 to 0.180) | 0.100 |
| Rural | 7.64 (6.21–9.07) | N/A | 9.74 (8.24–11.24) | 12.12 (10.08–14.16) | 12.69 (9.28–16.10) | 10.49 (7.23–13.74) | 2.066 (1.279 to 2.854) | <0.001 | −0.909 (−2.916 to 1.098) | 0.374 | −2.975 (–5.131 to –0.820) | 0.007 |
| Education | ||||||||||||
| High school or lower education | 7.56 (6.85–8.26) | N/A | 10.78 (9.94–11.62) | 11.87 (10.83–12.90) | 12.75 (11.05–14.45) | 14.09 (11.80–16.39) | 2.082 (1.702 to 2.462) | <0.001 | 1.126 (−0.144 to 2.395) | 0.082 | −0.957 (−2.282 to 0.368) | 0.157 |
| College or higher education | 14.48 (13.01–15.96) | N/A | 18.64 (17.26–20.01) | 18.40 (17.00–19.79) | 18.81 (16.56–21.05) | 20.11 (17.54–22.68) | 3.033 (2.397 to 3.669) | <0.001 | 0.890 (−0.638 to 2.418) | 0.253 | −2.143 (–3.798 to –0.488) | 0.011 |
| Household income | ||||||||||||
| Lowest and second quartile | 8.25 (7.37–9.13) | N/A | 11.48 (10.46–12.50) | 12.56 (11.32–13.80) | 11.53 (9.62–13.44) | 12.65 (10.31–15.00) | 2.308 (1.844 to 2.773) | <0.001 | 0.099 (−1.248 to 1.446) | 0.885 | −2.209 (–3.634 to –0.785) | 0.002 |
| Third and highest quartile | 10.82 (9.90–11.75) | N/A | 13.91 (12.94–14.89) | 15.30 (14.22–16.38) | 16.70 (14.78–18.62) | 18.71 (16.48–20.93) | 2.541 (2.097 to 2.986) | <0.001 | 1.726 (0.440 to 3.013) | 0.009 | −0.815 (−2.176 to 0.546) | 0.241 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
The numbers in bold indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).