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. 2024 Apr 22;10(9):e29921. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29921

Table 2.

National trends in the prevalence of asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis among individuals with obesity and difference of β–coefficients between before and during the COVID–19 pandemic (weighted % [95 % CI]) based on data obtained from the KNHANES.

Year
Before the pandemic
During the pandemic
Trends before the pandemic era, β (95 % CI)
Trends during the pandemic era, β (95 % CI)
βdiff between 2005–2019 and 2019–2021 (95 % CI)
2005–2009
2010–2012
2013–2016
2017–2019
2020
2021
Asthma β (95 % CI) P-value β (95 % CI) P-value βdiff (95 % CI) P-value
 Overall 3.00 (2.67–3.32) 3.41 (2.94–3.89) 3.00 (2.66–3.33) 3.09 (2.70–3.48) 3.27 (2.54–3.99) 3.31 (2.56–4.05) −0.010 (−0.170 to 0.150) 0.899 0.103 (−0.323 to 0.529) 0.635 0.113 (−0.341 to 0.568) 0.625
Age group
 2–18 3.42 (2.12–4.71) 6.81 (4.47–9.14) 4.61 (2.95–6.26) 3.75 (1.91–5.59) 4.95 (1.67–8.24) 4.71 (0.00–9.53) 0.055 (−0.654 to 0.765) 0.879 0.432 (−2.242 to 3.107) 0.751 0.377 (−2.390 to 3.144) 0.789
 19–39 1.92 (1.35–2.50) 3.03 (2.18–3.88) 3.02 (2.31–3.74) 4.05 (3.13–4.97) 4.25 (2.57–5.92) 3.12 (1.49–4.75) 0.629 (0.299 to 0.958) <0.001 −0.508 (−1.468 to 0.452) 0.299 −1.137 (–2.151 to –0.122) 0.028
 40–59 2.36 (1.90–2.81) 2.23 (1.64–2.83) 1.78 (1.37–2.19) 1.71 (1.27–2.15) 2.18 (1.16–3.19) 2.52 (1.52–3.52) −0.245 (–0.450 to –0.040) 0.019 0.401 (−0.167 to 0.968) 0.167 0.645 (0.042 to 1.249) 0.036
 ≥60 6.04 (5.20–6.88) 5.36 (4.42–6.31) 4.71 (3.99–5.43) 4.03 (3.30–4.76) 3.51 (2.37–4.65) 4.30 (3.13–5.47) −0.668 (–1.024 to –0.313) <0.001 0.185 (−0.530 to 0.899) 0.612 0.853 (0.055 to 1.651) 0.036
Sex
 Male 2.31 (1.91–2.72) 2.95 (2.35–3.56) 2.24 (1.81–2.66) 2.93 (2.40–3.45) 3.43 (2.44–4.41) 2.76 (1.78–3.75) 0.096 (−0.111 to 0.303) 0.362 −0.122 (−0.697 to 0.453) 0.678 −0.218 (−0.829 to 0.393) 0.484
 Female 3.85 (3.33–4.37) 3.99 (3.29–4.69) 4.01 (3.49–4.53) 3.33 (2.77–3.88) 3.03 (2.04–4.02) 4.12 (3.03–5.20) −0.119 (−0.362 to 0.124) 0.337 0.436 (−0.189 to 1.062) 0.171 0.556 (−0.115 to 1.227) 0.105
Region of residence
 Urban 2.86 (2.49–3.24) 3.61 (3.04–4.18) 3.00 (2.62–3.38) 3.00 (2.59–3.42) 3.24 (2.43–4.05) 3.37 (2.52–4.23) −0.006 (−0.186 to 0.174) 0.948 0.180 (−0.303 to 0.663) 0.464 0.186 (−0.329 to 0.702) 0.479
 Rural 3.53 (2.90–4.17) 2.66 (1.94–3.39) 2.98 (2.31–3.66) 3.53 (2.53–4.53) 3.41 (1.91–4.90) 2.99 (1.67–4.30) −0.027 (−0.378 to 0.325) 0.882 −0.281 (−1.114 to 0.552) 0.508 −0.254 (−1.158 to 0.649) 0.581
Education
 High school or lower education 3.48 (3.10–3.87) 3.80 (3.20–4.39) 3.61 (3.14–4.08) 3.07 (2.57–3.56) 3.99 (2.90–5.09) 3.68 (2.67–4.68) −0.101 (−0.301 to 0.098) 0.319 0.270 (−0.299 to 0.839) 0.352 0.371 (−0.232 to 0.974) 0.228
 College or higher education 1.99 (1.44–2.53) 2.79 (2.07–3.52) 2.75 (2.14–3.35) 3.35 (2.68–4.02) 3.09 (1.96–4.21) 3.34 (2.10–4.57) 0.402 (0.128 to 0.677) 0.004 0.012 (−0.712 to 0.735) 0.975 −0.391 (−1.165 to 0.383) 0.323
Household income
 Lowest and second quartile 3.85 (3.31–4.39) 4.01 (3.35–4.67) 3.33 (2.81–3.85) 3.33 (2.76–3.90) 4.15 (2.96–5.34) 3.77 (2.68–4.86) −0.230 (−0.480 to 0.020) 0.072 0.190 (−0.434 to 0.815) 0.549 0.420 (−0.252 to 1.092) 0.221
 Third and highest quartile 2.36 (1.97–2.76) 2.95 (2.30–3.61) 2.76 (2.31–3.22) 2.93 (2.43–3.44) 2.76 (1.92–3.60) 3.03 (2.00–4.05) 0.158 (−0.046 to 0.362) 0.128 0.064 (−0.526 to 0.654) 0.831 −0.094 (−0.718 to 0.530) 0.767
Atopic dermatitis
Overall 3.84 (3.46–4.23) 2.84 (2.40–3.28) 3.30 (2.93–3.66) 3.76 (3.28–4.24) 4.00 (3.23–4.77) 4.40 (3.43–5.38) −0.019 (−0.208 to 0.170) 0.842 0.328 (−0.228 to 0.883) 0.248 0.347 (−0.240 to 0.934) 0.247
Age group
 2–18 9.34 (7.08–11.61) 9.43 (6.71–12.16) 14.74 (12.01–17.47) 15.94 (12.45–19.43) 13.49 (8.62–18.36) 17.10 (9.10–25.10) 2.514 (1.258 to 3.769) <0.001 0.777 (−3.829 to 5.384) 0.741 −1.736 (−6.511 to 3.038) 0.476
 19–39 5.17 (4.34–6.01) 4.95 (3.74–6.16) 5.67 (4.74–6.60) 7.29 (6.04–8.54) 7.97 (6.02–9.91) 9.53 (6.91–12.15) 0.630 (0.173 to 1.086) 0.007 1.150 (−0.348 to 2.648) 0.132 0.521 (−1.045 to 2.086) 0.515
 40–59 2.66 (2.21–3.12) 1.32 (0.86–1.77) 1.13 (0.79–1.47) 1.37 (0.97–1.77) 1.94 (0.98–2.89) 1.52 (0.73–2.30) −0.458 (–0.648 to –0.268) <0.001 0.048 (−0.404 to 0.500) 0.835 0.506 (0.015 to 0.996) 0.043
 ≥60 2.24 (1.72–2.76) 0.86 (0.51–1.21) 1.40 (1.02–1.78) 1.23 (0.82–1.63) 1.01 (0.42–1.59) 0.75 (0.31–1.19) −0.253 (–0.454 to –0.052) 0.014 −0.240 (−0.543 to 0.063) 0.121 0.013 (−0.351 to 0.377) 0.944
Sex
 Male 3.69 (3.14–4.25) 3.14 (2.47–3.81) 3.71 (3.16–4.25) 4.26 (3.57–4.95) 4.11 (3.06–5.16) 4.58 (3.24–5.93) 0.199 (−0.074 to 0.473) 0.153 0.186 (−0.585 to 0.958) 0.636 −0.013 (−0.831 to 0.805) 0.975
 Female 4.03 (3.48–4.58) 2.46 (1.92–3.00) 2.75 (2.28–3.23) 3.06 (2.45–3.66) 3.84 (2.53–5.16) 4.13 (2.73–5.54) −0.322 (–0.575 to –0.068) 0.013 0.524 (−0.264 to 1.311) 0.192 0.846 (0.018 to 1.673) 0.045
Region of residence
 Urban 4.05 (3.60–4.50) 3.06 (2.54–3.59) 3.43 (3.01–3.85) 4.05 (3.51–4.59) 4.34 (3.46–5.22) 4.55 (3.48–5.62) −0.005 (−0.222 to 0.212) 0.961 0.250 (−0.363 to 0.863) 0.424 0.255 (−0.395 to 0.905) 0.442
 Rural 3.02 (2.30–3.75) 1.97 (1.22–2.72) 2.71 (1.99–3.44) 2.29 (1.46–3.12) 2.15 (0.84–3.46) 3.68 (1.43–5.92) −0.150 (−0.489 to 0.190) 0.388 0.752 (−0.510 to 2.013) 0.243 0.901 (−0.405 to 2.208) 0.176
Education
 High school or lower education 3.41 (2.98–3.84) 2.14 (1.70–2.58) 2.59 (2.19–2.99) 3.03 (2.49–3.56) 3.03 (2.12–3.94) 3.25 (2.13–4.37) −0.147 (−0.355 to 0.062) 0.168 0.117 (−0.528 to 0.763) 0.722 0.264 (−0.414 to 0.942) 0.446
 College or higher education 4.42 (3.66–5.19) 4.03 (3.06–5.00) 4.82 (4.00–5.63) 4.86 (4.04–5.68) 5.33 (3.95–6.72) 6.03 (4.31–7.74) 0.211 (−0.148 to 0.569) 0.249 0.590 (−0.387 to 1.568) 0.236 0.380 (−0.661 to 1.421) 0.475
Household income
 Lowest and second quartile 3.64 (3.10–4.17) 2.64 (1.97–3.31) 2.97 (2.44–3.49) 3.46 (2.83–4.09) 3.51 (2.31–4.70) 3.82 (2.55–5.08) −0.067 (−0.327 to 0.193) 0.615 0.185 (−0.550 to 0.920) 0.621 0.252 (−0.528 to 1.031) 0.526
 Third and highest quartile 4.00 (3.45–4.55) 2.99 (2.38–3.60) 3.54 (3.02–4.05) 3.96 (3.32–4.61) 4.29 (3.26–5.32) 4.76 (3.35–6.17) 0.008 (−0.254 to 0.271) 0.950 0.404 (−0.395 to 1.204) 0.321 0.396 (−0.446 to 1.237) 0.356
Allergic rhinitis
Overall 9.73 (9.05–10.40) N/A 12.89 (12.18–13.61) 14.19 (13.38–15.00) 14.81 (13.44–16.19) 16.42 (14.75–18.10) 2.461 (2.131 to 2.790) <0.001 1.146 (0.191 to 2.102) 0.019 −1.314 (–2.325 to –0.304) 0.011
Age group
 2–18 N/A N/A 23.45 (19.95–26.96) 26.17 (21.68–30.67) 26.00 (19.71–32.29) 30.48 (20.24–40.71) 2.717 (−2.969 to 8.404) 0.349 2.303 (−3.450 to 8.056) 0.432 −0.414 (−8.503 to 7.675) 0.920
 19–39 15.70 (14.31–17.10) N/A 18.80 (17.24–20.37) 21.28 (19.40–23.16) 20.36 (16.96–23.77) 23.05 (19.38–26.72) 3.067 (2.344 to 3.790) <0.001 1.003 (−1.095 to 3.101) 0.348 −2.064 (−4.283 to 0.155) 0.068
 40–59 8.95 (8.04–9.86) N/A 11.19 (10.19–12.19) 12.62 (11.52–13.71) 14.83 (12.66–17.01) 15.57 (13.15–17.99) 2.051 (1.609 to 2.493) <0.001 1.438 (0.065 to 2.811) 0.040 −0.613 (−2.055 to 0.829) 0.405
 ≥60 4.64 (3.87–5.41) N/A 5.95 (5.18–6.72) 6.55 (5.71–7.39) 6.65 (5.23–8.08) 8.27 (6.50–10.04) 1.173 (0.820 to 1.526) <0.001 0.918 (−0.097 to 1.934) 0.076 −0.254 (−1.329 to 0.821) 0.643
Sex
 Male 9.30 (8.40–10.20) N/A 12.46 (11.47–13.46) 13.68 (12.60–14.76) 13.93 (12.22–15.65) 16.90 (14.70–19.09) 2.427 (1.988 to 2.865) <0.001 1.701 (0.438 to 2.963) 0.008 −0.726 (−2.062 to 0.610) 0.287
 Female 10.25 (9.33–11.17) N/A 13.47 (12.52–14.41) 14.91 (13.75–16.08) 16.14 (14.00–18.27) 15.71 (13.67–17.75) 2.524 (2.071 to 2.977) <0.001 0.353 (−0.851 to 1.557) 0.565 −2.171 (–3.457 to –0.885) 0.001
Region of residence
 Urban 10.24 (9.47–11.02) N/A 13.61 (12.81–14.42) 14.60 (13.70–15.50) 15.20 (13.65–16.75) 17.65 (15.83–19.46) 2.514 (2.139 to 2.888) <0.001 1.581 (0.533 to 2.629) 0.003 −0.933 (−2.046 to 0.180) 0.100
 Rural 7.64 (6.21–9.07) N/A 9.74 (8.24–11.24) 12.12 (10.08–14.16) 12.69 (9.28–16.10) 10.49 (7.23–13.74) 2.066 (1.279 to 2.854) <0.001 −0.909 (−2.916 to 1.098) 0.374 −2.975 (–5.131 to –0.820) 0.007
Education
 High school or lower education 7.56 (6.85–8.26) N/A 10.78 (9.94–11.62) 11.87 (10.83–12.90) 12.75 (11.05–14.45) 14.09 (11.80–16.39) 2.082 (1.702 to 2.462) <0.001 1.126 (−0.144 to 2.395) 0.082 −0.957 (−2.282 to 0.368) 0.157
 College or higher education 14.48 (13.01–15.96) N/A 18.64 (17.26–20.01) 18.40 (17.00–19.79) 18.81 (16.56–21.05) 20.11 (17.54–22.68) 3.033 (2.397 to 3.669) <0.001 0.890 (−0.638 to 2.418) 0.253 −2.143 (–3.798 to –0.488) 0.011
Household income
 Lowest and second quartile 8.25 (7.37–9.13) N/A 11.48 (10.46–12.50) 12.56 (11.32–13.80) 11.53 (9.62–13.44) 12.65 (10.31–15.00) 2.308 (1.844 to 2.773) <0.001 0.099 (−1.248 to 1.446) 0.885 −2.209 (–3.634 to –0.785) 0.002
 Third and highest quartile 10.82 (9.90–11.75) N/A 13.91 (12.94–14.89) 15.30 (14.22–16.38) 16.70 (14.78–18.62) 18.71 (16.48–20.93) 2.541 (2.097 to 2.986) <0.001 1.726 (0.440 to 3.013) 0.009 −0.815 (−2.176 to 0.546) 0.241

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

The numbers in bold indicate significant differences (p < 0.05).