Figure 2: Mechanisms of Drug-induced AF.

Red arrows indicate that drugs promote this activity, or as downstream pathway. Blue arrows indicate that drugs suppress or inhibit this pathway. Mechanisms of drug actions are shown in bold. ACh = acetylcholine; APD = action potential duration; ATP = adenosine triphosphate; cAMP = cyclic adenosine monophosphate; BTK = Bruton's tyrosine kinase; DAD = delayed afterdepolarisation; ErbB = erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase; Gs = G stimulatory protein; Iti = transient inward current; NCX = Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger; NRG-1 = neuregulin 1; PDE = phosphodiesterase; PI3K = phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKA = protein kinase A; RyR2 = ryanodine receptor 2; SAN = sinoatrial node; SR = sarcoplasmic reticulum.