Table 1.

Features of breast tumor animal models in summary

First author	Year	Animal	Gender	Sample size	Established methods	BC type
Wang et al.31	2018	BALB/c athymic nude mice	female	30	BT474 (107) cells inoculated into mammary fat pad	human HER-2+
Zhou et al.32	2021	BALB/c athymic nude mice	female	NR	MDA-MB-231-D3H2LN cells (2 × 106) and 1 × 106 of stimulated PBMCs injected subcutaneously into mammary fat pads	human triple negative
Zhao et al.33	2020	BALB/c mice	female	24	4T1 cells (1.0 × 106 cells) injected into the mammary fat pad	murine triple negative
Xie et al.34	2021	BALB/c nude mice	female	20	MDA-MB-231 cells (2 × 106) were mammary implanted in the mice	human triple negative
Wang et al.35	2019	BALB/c mice	female	40	mice were injected with 1 × 106 of 4T1 cells into their flanks	murine triple negative
Tian et al.36	2020	BALB/c mice	female	25	1 × 105 of 4T1 cells were implanted in mice	murine triple negative
Si et al.37	2022	BALB/cJ mice	female	40	1 × 106 of 4T1-FLuc cells were injected into the mammary fat pad	murine triple negative
		NSG mice	female	NR	NSG mice were injected subcutaneously into their right flanks by fresh harvested tumor or fresh frozen tumor tissues minced into small fragments	murine triple negative
Pi et al.38	2018	athymic nu/nu outbred mice	female	15	2 × 106 of MDA-MB-468 cells for orthotopic mammary fat-pad xenograft tumor	human triple negative
Peng et al.39	2022	BALB/c mice	female	18	mice were injected with 1.25 × 105 of 4T1 cells in the mammary fat pad	murine triple negative
		NSG-SGM3 mice	female	18	mice were injected with 1 × 106 of Ca1 cells into the mammary fat pad	human triple negative
		BALB/c nude mice	female	12	the nude mice were injected with 5 × 106 of MDA-MB-468 cells into the mammary fat pad	human triple negative
		BALB/c mice	female	20	mice were injected intravenously with 2.5 × 105 of 4T1-hEGFR cells	murine triple negative
O’Brien et al.40	2018	BALB/c athymic nude mice	female	32	mice received an injection of 1 × 107 HCC-luc cells into the inguinal mammary fat pad	human HER-2+
Naseri et al.41	2018	BALB/c mice	female	40	1 × 106 cells of 4T1 or TUBO tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously in the flank region of mice	murine triple negative and HER-2+
Martins-Marques et al.42	2016	Swiss nude mice	female	NR	0.5 × 106 of 4T1 cells in opposite flanks of female mice were injected subcutaneously	murine triple negative
Li et al.43	2020	BALB/c nude mice	female	20	1 × 106 of MDA-MB-231 cells per pad were injected in right mammary pad for orthotopic tumor model	human triple negative
Jung et al.44	2018	BALB/c nu/nu mice	female	NR	1 × 106 of MDA-MB-231 were injected subcutaneously into the right flaks of mice	human triple negative
Haney et al.45	2020	BALB/c mice	female	42	0.8 × 106 of 8FlmC-FLuc-T11 cells/mouse for orthotopic tumor model	murine triple negative
		athymic nu/nu mice	female	42	0.1 × 106 of MDA-MB-231 cells were injected to left side mammary fat pad mice	human triple negative
Hadla et al.46	2016	nude mice	female	NR	3 × 106 of MDA-MB-231 cells were injected subcutaneously into mice	human triple negative
Gong et al.47	2019	BALB/c nude mice	male	40	1 × 107 cells of MDA-MB-231 cell suspension was injected into right flank of male mice	human triple negative
Gomari et al.48	2019	B6 nude mice	female	16	mouse was injected subcutaneously in flank with 1 × 106 of TUBO cells	murine HER-2+
Feng et al.49	2021	BALB/c mice	female	16	1 × 106 of 4T1-luc cells were injected into the mammary gland of mice	murine triple negative BC
Cheng et al.50	2022	NSG mice	female	20	mice have a subcutaneous injection in the right hind limbs with 5 × 106 of BT-20 cells and they received intraperitoneal injection of human PBMCs (20 × 106 cells per mouse)	human triple negative
Nguyen Cao et al.51	2022	BALB/c nude mice	female	20	mice have a subcutaneous injection with 1 × 106 of MCF-7 cells into the right back region	human luminal-A
Ahmed et al.52	2015	BALB/c mice	female	24	mice have a subcutaneous injection with 1 × 107 4T1 cells into their mammary fat pads	murine triple negative
Hong et al.53	2019	BALB/c mice	female	18	mice were orthotopically inoculated with 1 × 106 of 4T1 cells into the mammary fat pad	murine triple negative
Liu et al.54	2019	BALB/c mice	female	60	mice were subcutaneously injected at the right flanks with 1 × 106 of 4T1 cells	murine triple negative
Melzer et al.55	2019	NOD SCID mice	female	12	2 × 106 of MDA-hyb1 cells were injected subcutaneously into female NOD SCID mice	human triple negative
Shi et al.56	2020	NSG mice	female	10	1.5 × 106 of HCC 1954 cells were subcutaneously implanted into the right flank of NSG mice then 2 i.p. injections of 20 × 106 activated human PBMCs) with a 9-day interval	human HER-2+
Usman et al.57	2018	nude mice	female	32	5 × 106 of CA1a cells were injected subcutaneously in the left and right flanks of female nude mice	human triple negative
Wan et al.58	2018	BALB/c mice	female	36	2 × 106 of MDA-MB-231 were inoculated subcutaneously to the flanks of BALB/c mice	human triple negative
Wang et al.59	2017	BALB/c mice	female	42	3.0 × 106 of MDA-MB-231 cells were injected subcutaneously into the right flanks of the mice	human triple negative
Xiong et al.60	2019	BALB/c mice	female	30	1 × 106 of 4T1 cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of mice	murine triple negative