Table 1.
Demographics of participants in study 1.
| All participants (n = 1734) Mean ± S.D. (range) |
Boys (n = 907) Mean ± S.D. (range) |
Girls (n = 827) Mean ± S.D. (range) |
Sex differences | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p-value | Wilcoxon statistic | ||||
| Age (months) at 3rd wave | 171.89 ± 3.44 (163.00–186.00) | 171.87 ± 3.54 (163.00–183.00) | 171.91 ± 3.34 (164.00–186.00) | 0.47 | 374,294 |
| BM-for-age (z-value) at 3rd wave | −0.16 ± 0.94 (−3.79–2.90) | −0.21 ± 1.03 (−3.79–2.90) | −0.12 ± 0.82 (−3.16–2.41) | 0.009 | 350,250 |
| Full Scale IQ at 2nd wave | 111.26 ± 14.82 (43.79–152.30) | 110.31 ± 15.30 (43.79–149.65) | 112.30 ± 14.22 (51.82–152.30) | 0.003 | 346,283 |
| Socioeconomic status* | 8.12 ± 2.61 (1.00–11.00) | 8.04 ± 2.70 (1.00–11.00) | 8.21 ± 2.50 (1.00–11.00) | 0.41 | 366,519 |
| Macronutrient intake at 3rd wave | |||||
| Carbohydrate (g/day) | 350.56 ± 155.95 (66.52–1375.75) | 399.49 ± 170.05 (66.52–1375.75) | 296.90 ± 117.46 (96.52–1306.08) | 1.0 | 535,141 |
| Fat (g/day) | 81.09 ± 30.64 (12.80–278.99) | 86.25 ± 32.45 (20.36–278.99) | 75.44 ± 27.47 (12.80–237.62) | 1.0 | 454,585 |
| Protein (g/day) | 85.48 ± 32.73 (18.94–266.98) | 93.23 ± 34.67 (20.31–266.98) | 76.98 ± 28.12 (18.94–236.42) | 1.0 | 491,862 |
| Total calorie intake at 3rd wave (kcal/day) | 2509.58 ± 950.64 (2333.33–2766.67) | 2791.14 ± 1023.12 (569.68–8591.68) | 2200.78 ± 751.91 (639.42–7,637) | 1.0 | 520,607 |
*Socioeconomic status is measured as annual household income divided into 11 categories. 1: 0–990,000 Japanese Yen [JPY]/year, 2: 1,000,000–1,990,000 JPY/year, 3: 2,000,000–2,990,000 JPY/year, 4: 3,000,000–3,990,000 JPY/year, 5: 4,000,000–4,990,000 JPY/year, 6: 5,000,000–5,990,000 JPY/year, 7: 6,000,000–6,990,000 JPY/year, 8: 7,000,000–7,990,000 JPY/year, 9: 8,000,000–8,990,000 JPY/year, 10: 9,000,000–9,990,000 JPY/year, 11: 10,000,000 and more JPY/year. IQ, intelligence quotient; S.D., standard deviation.