Table 2.

Comparison of ginseng gintonin and ginsenosides in cognition-related functions.

Ginseng components	Gintonin	Ginseng total extract (including ginsenosides/polysaccharides	References
Major effects in in vitro and preclinical in vivo tests	•Synaptic transmission •Long-term potentiation •Acetylcholine synthesis •Aβ formation inhibitions •Hippocampal neurogenesis •Cognition	•Anti-oxidative stresses •Anti-inflammation •Acetylcholine synthesis •Aβ formation inhibitions •Cognition	[9,[45], [46], [47],[49], [50], [51], [57], [58], [61], [63], [65]]
Mode of action	•LPA receptors-mediated signaling pathways in nervous systems	•Non-receptor mediated actions	[9,40,55]
Effects for cognitive improvements in clinical tests	•SMI and early AD dementia	•SMI, MCI, and early AD dementia	[[23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30],34]
Standardized or non-standardized and daily dosage in clinical tests	•Standardized (300–600 mg/day)	•Non-standardized KRG total extract (4.5–9.0 g/day (long-term); standardized 100–600 mg (acute) in G115 or Cereboost (acute),	[[23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32],43,44]
Adverse effects	•Neglectable	•Neglectable	[[23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32]]