Table 2.

Preclinical Researches of Telomere-Related Anti-Cancer Therapeutics

	Drug	Tumor Models	Descriptions	Year	Ref
1	GV1001; GEM; GM-CSF	Patients with pancreatic adenocarcinomas	Inducing telomerase specific immune responses	2014	[95]
2	GV1001	MCF7 (human breast adenocarcinoma cell line), Jurkat (human T-cell leukemia cell line), MC38 (murine colon adenocarcinoma) and HeLa (human cervical adenocarcinoma) cells	Reducing HSP70/90, HIF-1α and VEGF	2014	[96]
3	GV1001; GEM	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs)	Reducing fibrosis with decreasing TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β	2016	[97]
4	GV1001	Prostate cancer	Binding and antagonizing GnRHR through activation of Gαs/cAMP pathway and downregulating releasing of Gαq-coupled Ca2+	2019	[98]
5	hTERT peptides	B16F10 melanoma	Inducing high avidity CD4+ TH1 cells, activating dendritic cells, enhancing primary and memory CTL responses	2012	[99]
6	hTERT peptides	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Positive T cell responses	2018	[100]
7	rAAV-/rAdv viral cocktail expressing hTERTC27	Melanoma	Activation of NK cells	2010	[101]
8	hTERT with a lentiviral vector system	Melanoma	CD8+ T cell responses	2010	[102]
9	hTERT and HER-2/neu multipeptides	Various cancers	Stimulating specific CTLs	2002	[103]
10	TERT and HCV multipeptides; taxanes and alkylating agents	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Enhancing specific T cell responses and reducing Treg frequency	2015	[104]
11	TERT and HCV DNA	Liver cancer	Inducing multi-cytokine response of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells	2021	[105]
12	CCL21-TERT-Fc DNA; anti-4-1BB mAbs	Various cancers	Enhancing the immune responses of NK, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell	2006	[106]
13	TERT DNA and α-CTLA-4/α-PD-1	TC-1 tumor	Improving antigen-specific immune responses	2018	[107]
14	TERT DNA and CCL21	Breast cancer	Augmenting antigen-specific immunity	2007	[108]
15	lenti-hTERT vector- transduced DC vaccines	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Stimulating CTLs	2011	[109]
16	rAd-hTERT transduced DCs	Various tumors	Inducing CTLs and increasing IFN-γ	2006	[110]
17	Lipid-mediated transfection of hTERT DNA into DCs	Various tumors	Inducing specific T-cell-mediated tumor immunity	2003	[111]
18	TERT mRNA transfected DCs	Melanoma	Inducing IFN-γ secreting CTLs	2007	[112]
19	hTERT and survivin mRNA, IDO siRNA transfected DCs	Ovarian cancer	Inducing antitumor immunity.	2013	[113]
20	hTERT TCR	Melanoma	Redirecting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and promoting inflammatory cytokines	2021	[114]
21	TERT expressed with Mannan-modified adenovirus	Melanoma	Inducing antitumor immunity	2007	[115]
22	TERT and VEGFR-2 expressed with mannan-modified adenovirus	Breast and colon cancer	Displaying synergistic antitumor immune responses and reducing angiogenesis	2015	[116]
23	5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine	Chronic myelogenous leukemia	Decreasing hTERT expression through reducing the binding of c-myc with hTERT promoter	2014	[117]
24	Perylene derivates PM2 and PIPER	Lung cancer	Downregulation of hTERT through inducing G-quadruplex formation in telomere and hTERT promoter regions	2013	[118]
25	A retrovirus vector with full-length hTERT antisense complementary DNA	Ovarian cancer	Decreasing hTERT expression and telomerase activity	2016	[119]
26	ZD55-hTERT (an oncolytic adenovirus-based shRNA delivery system)	Renal cancer	Silencing hTERT expression	2009	[120]
27	PEG-CMCS/CaP nanoparticles loaded with hTERT siRNA	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Silencing hTERT expression	2014	[121]
28	Chelidonine	Breast cancer	Inhibiting telomerase activity	2018	[122]
29	Rhodospirillum rubrum L-asparaginase mutant RrA	Various cancers	Reducing telomerase activity	2017	[123]
30	Suramin	Various cancers	Inhibiting telomerase activity	2015	[124]
31	2’-O-methyl-RNA delivered with chitosan-coated polylactide-coglycolide (PLGA) nanoparticles	Lung cancer	Inhibiting telomerase activity	2010	[125]
32	Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized with 111In-labelled oligonucleotides	Various cancers	Inhibiting telomerase activity	2021	[126]
33	BIBR11532	Cervical cancer	Evoking TEL mutation and reducing the recruitment of telomerase to telomere	2013	[127]
34	TPP1-OB domain overexpression with lentivirus transduction	Lung cancer	Inhibiting the recruitment of telomerase to telomeres and enhancing the sensitivity to paclitaxel	2019	[128]
35	Cisplatin derivate Tetra-Pt	Various cancers	Inhibiting ALT pathway	2017	[129]
36	Withaferin-A	Various cancers	Blocking ALT pathway	2017	[130]
37	TMPyP4	Osteosarcoma	Blocking ALT pathway and inducing formation of telomere and FAK G-quadruplex	2021	[131]
38	6-thio-2’-deoxyguanosine (6-thio-dG)	Lung cancer	Inducing telomere dysfunction	2015	[132]
39	6-thio-dG	Melanoma	Inducing telomere dysfunction and overcoming therapy resistance	2018	[133]
40	Tolyl terpyridin-Pt complex (Pt-ttpy)	Ovarian carcinoma	Inducing telomere dysfunction through binding to G-quadruplex (G4) structures	2021	[134]
41	Terpyridine platinum (Pt-tpy)	Fibrosarcoma	Inducing telomere dysfunction	2021	[135]
42	RuII-PtII complexes encapsulated with biotin-functionalized DNA cages	Various cancers	Inducing telomere dysfunction through stabilizing G-quadruplex	2022	[136]
43	BRACO-19	Glioblastoma	Inducing telomere dysfunction through binding to G-quadruplex	2016	[137]
44	Telomestatin	Glioblastoma	Inducing telomere dysfunction through stabilizing G-quadruplex	2016	[138]
45	Schizocommunin derivative	Various cancers	Inducing telomere dysfunction through formation of G-quadruplex	2018	[139]
46	Pyridostatin analogues	Various cancers	Inducing telomere dysfunction through stabilizing G-quadruplex	2012	[140]
47	Lpid nanoparticles (LNPs) containing miR-182-3p	Breast cancer	Inducing telomere dysfunction	2023	[141]
48	5-azacytidine (5-AZA)	Acute myeloid leukemia	Concomitantly inducing telomere dysfunction and telomere length shortening	2015	[142]
49	Bortezomib	Leukemic and gastric cancer	Concomitantly inducing telomere dysfunction and telomere length shortening	2015	[143]
50	MST-312	Breast cancer	Concomitantly inducing telomere dysfunction and telomere length shortening	2014	[144]
51	Au@Ag nanorods loaded with DOX	Cervical cancer	Releasing DOX to telomerase positive cells	2014	[145]
52	MSNP-NH2-DOX-DNA system	Various cancers	Slow and sustained releasing of DOX to telomerase positive cells	2018	[146]
53	dCas9-MSNs/DOX/DNA	Cervical cancer	Releasing DOX into the nuclei of telomerase positive cells	2021	[147]
54	PtNPs@DNA	Gastric cancer	Releasing PtNPs to telomerase positive cells and overcoming drug resistance	2018	[148]
55	AS1411/nanotube/RTA	Various cancers	Releasing RTA to telomerase positive cells	2021	[149]
56	Self-assembled DNA polymer	Various cancers	Detecting and in situ monitoring telomerase activity of cancer cells	2018	[150]
57	Dox-AuNP-MB	Various cancers	Detecting the intracellular telomerase activity and releasing DOX to telomerase positive cells	2016	[151]
58	Au-MPs-DOX	Various cancers	Detecting the intracellular telomerase activity and releasing DOX to telomerase positive cells	2017	[152]