Table 2. Unadjusted Service Provisions Before and After New Hospital 340B Program Participation From 2012 to 2018 Compared With Never Participating Hospitals.

Hospital ownership and services	New 340B hospitals			Never-340B hospital			Unadjusted D-in-Dd estimate (95% CI)e	P value
	Beforea	Aftera	Differencec	Beforeb	Afterb	Differencec
Nonprofit hospitals (n = 1387)
Unprofitable service lines, mean
Any unprofitable services	0.961	0.967	0.006	0.854	0.805	–0.049	0.054 (0.025 to 0.084)	<.001
Total unprofitable services	1.990	2.060	0.070	1.509	1.376	–0.133	0.203 (0.108 to 0.298)	<.001
Substance use	0.121	0.126	0.004	0.085	0.060	–0.025	0.029 (0 to 0.058)	.05
Inpatient psychiatric	0.519	0.540	0.021	0.353	0.318	–0.035	0.056 (0.014 to 0.097)	.009
Outpatient psychiatric	0.412	0.444	0.032	0.290	0.264	–0.026	0.058 (0.011 to 0.105)	.02
Burn care	0.047	0.048	0.001	0.013	0.008	–0.004	0.005 (–0.011 to 0.021)	.51
Obstetrics	0.890	0.903	0.013	0.770	0.727	–0.043	0.056 (0.022 to 0.089)	.001
Profitable service lines, mean
Any profitable services	0.969	0.977	0.008	0.955	0.953	–0.002	0.010 (–0.011 to 0.032)	.36
Total profitable services	3.374	3.535	0.160	3.096	3.115	0.020	0.140 (0.020 to 0.261)	.02
Cardiac surgery	0.444	0.475	0.031	0.377	0.376	–0.001	0.032 (–0.008 to 0.072)	.11
Orthopedic	0.953	0.956	0.003	0.930	0.936	0.006	–0.003 (–0.030 to 0.023)	.81
Oncologic	0.834	0.863	0.028	0.774	0.748	–0.025	0.054 (0.013 to 0.094)	.009
Neurologic	0.775	0.800	0.026	0.756	0.783	0.027	–0.002 (–0.044 to 0.041)	.94
Neonatal intensive	0.373	0.444	0.071	0.260	0.275	0.015	0.056 (0.015 to 0.096)	.008
Public hospitals (n = 243)
Unprofitable service lines, mean
Any unprofitable services	0.932	0.975	0.043	0.676	0.727	0.051	–0.008 (–0.102 to 0.087)	.88
Total unprofitable services	1.853	2.239	0.386	1.146	1.217	0.071	0.315 (0.066 to 0.564)	.01
Substance use	0.058	0.147	0.089	0.059	0.056	–0.003	0.093 (0.026 to 0.160)	.007
Inpatient psychiatric	0.446	0.579	0.132	0.284	0.275	–0.009	0.142 (0.031 to 0.252)	.01
Outpatient psychiatric	0.365	0.429	0.064	0.183	0.275	0.092	–0.028 (–0.145 to 0.088)	.63
Burn care	0.110	0.170	0.059	0.027	0.012	–0.015	0.074 (0.020 to 0.129)	.008
Obstetrics	0.874	0.915	0.041	0.594	0.602	0.009	0.032 (–0.065 to 0.130)	.52
Profitable service lines, mean
Any profitable services	0.858	0.890	0.032	0.717	0.745	0.028	0.004 (–0.098 to 0.105)	.95
Total profitable services	2.756	3.055	0.299	1.854	2.006	0.152	0.147 (–0.201 to 0.495)	.41
Cardiac surgery	0.304	0.345	0.041	0.155	0.149	–0.006	0.047 (–0.044 to 0.138)	.31
Orthopedic	0.850	0.882	0.033	0.689	0.714	0.025	0.008 (–0.095 to 0.111)	.88
Oncologic	0.667	0.702	0.036	0.507	0.547	0.040	–0.004 (–0.122 to 0.115)	.95
Neurologic	0.611	0.693	0.083	0.379	0.460	0.081	0.002 (–0.108 to 0.113)	.97
Neonatal intensive	0.332	0.441	0.110	0.123	0.138	0.014	0.096 (–0.002 to 0.193)	.06

Abbreviation: D-in-D, difference-in-differences.

^a Before and after periods refer to years before and after 340B participation for new participants. The year of 340B participation is excluded as a washout period.

^b For never-340B participants, the before and after periods represent years 2010 to 2011 and 2018 to 2019, respectively.

^c Difference column refers to the before and after period differences.

^d Unadjusted difference-in-differences estimate refers to the differential change in service offerings in the after period relative to the before period treatment-control difference.

^e 95% CIs were calculated using standard errors clustered at the hospital level.

The statistics represent the proportion of hospitals offering the service, except for the total number of profitable or unprofitable services which represent the mean. The sample comprises noncritical access hospitals.