Fig. 7.

Anticancer mechanisms of HHT in various cancer types: inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and disruption of cell signaling pathways across multiple cancer types. Akt—Protein kinase B; Bax—Bcl-2-associated X; Bcl-2—B-cell lymphoma 2; Caspases—cysteine–aspartic proteases; ERK—extracellular signal-regulated kinases; Hippo—signaling pathway; IL-6—Interleukin 6; JAK—Janus kinase; MAPK—mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK—mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; Nanog—stem cell proliferation protein; PARP—poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase; STAT3—signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; TMEM16A—transmembrane protein. Symbols: ↑—increase/upregulation; ↓—decrease/downregulation