Table 1.

Synthesis methodologies for Cephalotaxine and HHT derivatives

Methodology	Precursor-intermediate	Synthesized compound	Yield	Refs.
p-Nitrobenzenesulfonate ester reaction	p-Nitrobenzenesulfonate ester	(−) Cephalotaxine	N/A	[43]
Eight-step synthesis from 1-Prolinol	1-Prolinol methylenedioxyphenylacetyl chloride	(−) Cephalotaxine	N/A	[44]
Aryne insertion reaction	Aryne	(−) Cephalotaxine	10%	[45]
Nine-step oxidative furan opening	Various intermediates including furan derivatives	HHT	N/A	[46]
Lactone reaction with cephalotaxine	α-Tetrasubstituted lactone	HHT	High	[47]
Partial esterification	Cephalotaxine	Homoharringtonine 2 Dehydrodesoxy Homoharringtonine 4	N/A	[48]
Alkylidene Carbene 1,5-CH insertion reaction	Alkylidene carbene	(−) Cephalotaxine	N/A	[49]
Palladium-Catalyzed Enantioselective Tsuji Allylation	Allyl enol carbonate	(−) Cephalotaxine	N/A	[50]
Ester Enolate Claisen rearrangement	α-Amino allylic esters	(−) Cephalotaxine	N/A	[50]
Gold(I)-catalyzed cascade reaction	Norhydrastinine	DemethylCephalotaxinone, Cephalotaxine	N/A	[33]
Facile stevens rearrangement	Weinreb amide	( ±) cephalotaxine	N/A
Hydrogenation	β-Substituted itaconic acid monoesters	HHT	N/A	[51]

N/A: Not Available