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. 2024 May 4;14:10251. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-60928-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Anti-inflammatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by regulatory T (Treg) cells induction in the kidney of ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) rats. MSCs pretreated with IFN-γ (IFN-γ MSCs) or MSCs untreated were injected immediately after IRI induction. Infiltration of T cells and macrophages into injured kidney of MSC-injected IRI rats was assessed at day 7 post-IRI by immunostaining. (a) Representative image of immunohistochemical staining of FOXP3, CD3, and CD68 and double immunostaining of FOXP3 (brown) and CD3 (blue) in kidney sections (scale bar = 100 µm). (b) Quantification of FOXP3-, CD3-, CD68-positive cells and double-positive (FOXP3 and CD3) cells (n = 5 in each group). (c) Western blot analysis of VEGFA in the kidney cortex of IRI rats. Graphs show densitometric analyses of VEGFA expression levels normalized to the GAPDH expression level (n = 5 in each group). Full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. 1a. Data indicate mean ± S.D. ^#P < 0.01, *P < 0.05 (one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-hoc test).