Scheme 1.

Schematic diagram illustrating the approach of generating programmed MEVs from programmed bone marrow‐derived macrophages. Macrophages (M0) are first programmed to overexpress desired ligands on their surface and then polarized into either pro‐inflammatory macrophages (M1). Programmed MEVs were generated using nitrogen cavitation and MEVs were purified from cellular fragments by serial centrifugation. M2 macrophages were then treated with programmed MEVs to shift their polarization toward the pro‐inflammatory phenotype.